Perspectives on artificial intelligence in healthcare from a Patient and Public Involvement Panel in Japan: an exploratory study.

Patients and members of the public are the end users of healthcare, but little is known about their views on the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly in the Japanese context. This paper reports on an exploratory two-part workshop conducted with members of a Patient and Public Involvement Panel in Japan, which was designed to identify their expectations and concerns about the use of AI in healthcare broadly. 55 expectations and 52 concerns were elicited from workshop participants, who were then asked to cluster and title these expectations and concerns. Thematic content analysis was used to identify 12 major themes from this data. Participants had notable expectations around improved hospital administration, improved quality of care and patient experience, and positive changes in roles and relationships, and reductions in costs and disparities. These were counterbalanced by concerns about problematic changes to healthcare and a potential loss of autonomy, as well as risks around accountability and data management, and the possible emergence of new disparities. The findings reflect participants' expectations for AI as a possible solution for long-standing issues in healthcare, though their overall balanced view of AI mirrors findings reported in other contexts. Thus, this paper offers initial, novel insights into perspectives on AI in healthcare from the Japanese context. Moreover, the findings are used to argue for the importance of involving patient and public stakeholders in deliberation on AI in healthcare.