ArticleFrontiers in oncology2023
Opioids and immune checkpoint inhibitors differentially regulate a common immune network in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 11 citations in OpenAlex.
- Opioids and immunosuppression in patients with cancer.Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer · 2026Review
- When immunotherapy hurts: neoadjuvant PD-1 inhibitors increase opioid use after mastectomy with reconstruction.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2026Article
- Crosstalk Between Opioids and the Anti-Tumour Immune Checkpoint Axis.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- The impact of concomitant medications on treatment outcomes in patients with cancer receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors.Nature reviews. Cancer · 2026Review
- Mending the divide: integrating opioid analgesia and immunotherapy for optimal cancer care.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2025Article
- Review
- Morphine treatment restricts response to immunotherapy in oral squamous cell carcinoma.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2024Article
- Towards a precision approach to anesthetic/analgesic immunomodulation in cancer.Frontiers in anesthesiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Opioids are the primary analgesics for cancer pain. Recent clinical evidence suggests opioids may counteract the effect of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) immunotherapy, but the mechanism for this interaction is unknown. The following experiments study how opioids and immunotherapy modulate a common RNA expression pathway in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), a cancer subtype in which immunotherapy is increasingly used. This study identifies a mechanism by which opioids may decrease ICI efficacy, and compares ketamine, a non-opioid analgesic with emerging use in cancer pain, for potential ICI interaction. Methods: Tumor RNA expression and clinicopathologic data from a large cohort with TNBC (N=286) was used to identify RNA expression signatures of disease. Various drug-induced RNA expression profiles were extracted from multimodal RNA expression datasets and analyzed to estimate the RNA expression effects of ICI, opioids, and ketamine on TNBC. Results: We identified a RNA expression network in CD8 Conclusions: Opioids and ICI may target a common immune network in TNBC and regulate gene expression in opposing fashion. No available evidence supports a similar interaction between ketamine and ICI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.