ArticleCureus2023
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Induced Endocrine Adverse Events in Cancer Patients at a Tertiary Care Center in Saudi Arabia.
Article in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Thyroid and cortisol endocrinopathies and survival in cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in UAE.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2026Article
- Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Immunotherapy as a Potential Treatment Option for Lung Cancer: A Perspective Analysis of Opportunities and Challenges.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Clinical manifestations and risk factors of immune-related thyroid adverse events in patients treated with PD-1 inhibitors: a case-control study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- The burden and clinical trajectory of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced endocrinopathies: an 8-year experience.BMC medicine · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are approved to treat several types of cancer, but they may cause an exaggerated immune response. This can lead to immune-related adverse events such as endocrinopathies, which mostly affect the thyroid and pituitary gland.
methodsA retrospective analysis was conducted on 125 cancer patients receiving ICIs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab, and ipilimumab) between July 2018 and July 2022. The study reviewed hormone test results and the clinical perspectives of patients to identify and characterize endocrine adverse events associated with ICI therapy in cancer patients.
resultsAmong the 125 patients who were examined, a total of 26 patients (20.8%) encountered endocrine-related adverse effects. A total of 25 patients had thyroid dysfunction. Hypophysitis was detected in a limited cohort of two patients, along with primary hypothyroidism. A case of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus was seen in a single patient. None of the patients had primary adrenal insufficiency or parathyroid dysfunction. The administration of pembrolizumab was shown to be associated with the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction in 18 cases, as well as two cases of hypophysitis. In contrast, nivolumab was responsible for inducing thyroid dysfunction in four cases. The remaining occurrences were attributable to combination treatment.
conclusionThe study found an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction among cancer patients receiving ICIs, while pituitary dysfunction was a less frequent adverse effect. It is recommended that an endocrine assessment be conducted before therapy initiation and periodically afterward.
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