ArticleThe Journal of infectious diseases2024
Environmental Surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its Association With Typhoid Fever Incidence in India and Malawi.
Article in The Journal of infectious diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Systematic review on the laboratory methodology for conducting wastewater and environmental surveillance forFrontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Genomic Detection of Multidrug-Resistant H58 ST1 Salmonella Typhi in a South African Urban Waterway Reveals Epidemiological Links With Clinical Isolates.MicrobiologyOpen · 2026Article
- Integrating environmental and clinical surveillance for typhoid: insights from a prospective wastewater surveillance study in urban India.The Lancet. Microbe · 2026Article
- Environmental surveillance of pathogens in Africa.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Review
- Statistical methods for predicting the presence of Salmonella Typhi in wastewater samples at Asante Akyem Agogo, Ghana.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Advancing typhoid conjugate vaccine implementation in Asia: Regional policy priorities.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Rapid, low-cost colorimetric detection ofmBio · 2025Article
- AmpliconTyper - a tool for analysing ONT multiplex PCR data from environmental and other complex samples.Microbial genomics · 2025Article
- Diversity of Salmonella enterica isolates from urban river and sewage water in Blantyre, Malawi.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- A cost-benefit analysis of using wastewater monitoring to guide typhoid vaccine campaigns.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Article
- Determining genotype and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella Typhi in environmental samples by amplicon sequencing.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Environmental surveillance for Salmonella Typhi to detect the typhoid burden in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.International journal of hygiene and environmental health · 2025Article
- Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Typhoid Fever in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Characterization of enteric pathogens in Harare, Zimbabwe using environmental surveillance and metagenomics.Journal of water and health · 2025Article
- Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Can Wastewater Surveillance Enhance Genomic Tracking of Climate-Driven Pathogens?Microorganisms · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Moore and grab sampling method for Salmonella Typhi detection in environmental samples in Ghana.PloS one · 2025Article
- Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid, and invasive non-typhoidalFrontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Evolving Epidemiology and Antibiotic Resistance in Enteric Fever: A Comprehensive Review.Cureus · 2024Review
- Development of a computational model to inform environmental surveillance sampling plans for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in wastewater.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors at 5 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundEnvironmental surveillance (ES) for Salmonella Typhi potentially offers a low-cost tool to identify communities with a high burden of typhoid fever.
methodsWe developed standardized protocols for typhoid ES, including sampling site selection, validation, characterization; grab or trap sample collection, concentration; and quantitative PCR targeting Salmonella genes (ttr, staG, and tviB) and a marker of human fecal contamination (HF183). ES was implemented over 12 months in a historically high typhoid fever incidence setting (Vellore, India) and a lower incidence setting (Blantyre, Malawi) during 2021-2022.
resultsS. Typhi prevalence in ES samples was higher in Vellore compared with Blantyre; 39/520 (7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4%-12.4%) vs 11/533 (2.1%; 95% CI, 1.1%-4.0%) in grab and 79/517 (15.3%; 95% CI, 9.8%-23.0%) vs 23/594 (3.9%; 95% CI, 1.9%-7.9%) in trap samples. Detection was clustered by ES site and correlated with site catchment population in Vellore but not Blantyre. Incidence of culture-confirmed typhoid in local hospitals was low during the study and zero some months in Vellore despite S. Typhi detection in ES.
conclusionsES describes the prevalence and distribution of S. Typhi even in the absence of typhoid cases and could inform vaccine introduction. Expanded implementation and comparison with clinical and serological surveillance will further establish its public health utility.
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