Evidence map›Paper›PMID 37769594›Full record

ArticleJournal of psychiatric research2023

Effects of clustering and timing of early life stress exposure on mood problems, ADHD symptoms, and problematic drinking.

Jeremy W Luk, Noa Leiter, Jared C Axelowitz, Bethany L Stangl, Carlos R Melendez, Melanie L Schwandt, Tommy Gunawan, David Goldman, Nancy Diazgranados, Vijay A Ramchandani

Open access · greenAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of psychiatric research, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
1.6field-weighted citation impact, top 17% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed, 5 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Neurodevelopmental effects of early life stress: PFC and cognition.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2026
    Review
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.

Jeremy W LukOffice of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: jeremy.luk@nih.gov.
Noa LeiterHuman Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Jared C AxelowitzHuman Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Bethany L StanglHuman Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Carlos R MelendezHuman Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Melanie L SchwandtOffice of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Tommy GunawanOffice of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; Human Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
David GoldmanOffice of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD, USA.
Nancy DiazgranadosOffice of the Clinical Director, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Vijay A RamchandaniHuman Psychopharmacology Laboratory, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism · US

Funding

NIAAA Repository/Screening Database Management and ResearchZIAAA000130 · NIAAA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM · PI SCHWANDT, MELANIE · 2017 to 2025
$60.1M
Alcohol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in HumansZIAAA000466 · NIAAA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM · PI RAMCHANDANI, VIJAY ARJUN · 2009 to 2025
$31.2M
Alcohol Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics in HumansZ01AA000466 · NIAAA · NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM · PI RAMCHANDANI, VIJAY ARJUN · 2006 to 2008
$762k
Intramural NIH HHS Z01 AA000466Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AA000130Intramural NIH HHS ZIA AA000466
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveExposure to early life stress (ELS) may lead to long-term health consequences. The Early Life Stress Questionnaire (ELSQ) is a retrospective measure of multiple ELS and their timing. Latent class analysis (LCA) has not been applied to the ELSQ and questions regarding timing are rarely explored. This study examined the effects of clustering and timing of ELS exposure on internalizing and externalizing symptoms.

methodData from 1095 participants in the NIAAA Natural History Protocol were analyzed. LCA was conducted on 18 ELS items. Regression and correlational analyses examined associations of latent classes with sociodemographic variables and clinical outcomes.

resultsLCA revealed three classes: Class 1: Minimal ELS (54.2%), Class 2: Moderate ELS (33.2%), and Class 3: Multiple and High ELS (12.6%). Black/African American participants were more likely to be in Class 2, and participants with low household income were more likely to be in Classes 2 and 3. Family history of problematic alcohol use and individual alcohol use disorder diagnosis were linked to Classes with higher ELS exposure. Compared with Class 1, Class 2 reported higher anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and problematic drinking, and Class 3 reported the highest levels across all these outcomes. Regarding timing, earlier exposure to ELS (e.g., sustained family conflict and witnessed domestic violence) was associated with higher psychopathological symptoms.

conclusionsThe ELSQ can effectively capture clustering and timing of exposure to multiple ELS. Greater and earlier exposure to ELS were positively associated with internalizing and externalizing symptoms, underscoring the need for early and well-timed intervention.

Indexed as

Adverse Childhood ExperiencesAttention Deficit Disorder with HyperactivityCluster AnalysisHumansRetrospective StudiesStress, PsychologicalAdverse childhood experiencesChild abuseChild maltreatmentMental healthPsychopathologySensitive developmental period

Identifiers

PMID37769594
PMCPMC10686194
OpenAlexW4386800494

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.