ArticlePloS one2023
Demographic characteristics associated with West Nile virus neuroinvasive disease - A retrospective study on the wider European area 2006-2021.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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14 citing papers in PubMed, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Patterns of emergence and circulation of West Nile Virus in Algeria.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Climate-based forecasting from national Culex mosquito surveillance to support West Nile and Usutu virus preparedness in England and Wales.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Hungary as a source of West Nile virus diversity and spread in Europe: insights from the 2024 transmission season.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2026Article
- The first outbreak of neuroinvasive West Nile virus infection in Istanbul area within 2019.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Pharmaceutical Strategies for West Nile Virus in Europe, an Underrecognized Cause of Severe Disease and Mortality in Older Adults: From Supportive Care to Antiviral Development.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Sequelae of viral CNS infections including outcomes, mechanisms, and knowledge gaps.Npj viruses · 2025Review
- Emerging West Nile virus infections in Türkiye.European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases : official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology · 2025Article
- West Nile Virus Outbreak in Israel 2024 Compared with Previous Seasons: A Retrospective Study.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- Clinical Characteristics, Laboratory Parameters, and Molecular Epidemiology of Neuroinvasive Flavivirus Infections in a Hotspot Region of Eastern Croatia.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Diagnosis of West Nile virus infections: Evaluation of different laboratory methods.World journal of virology · 2024Article
- Clinical and Diagnostic Features of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease in New York City.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Article
- Effects of climatic and environmental factors on mosquito population inferred from West Nile virus surveillance in Greece.Scientific reports · 2023Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWith a case-fatality-risk ranging from 3.0 to >20.0% and life-long sequelae, West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is the most dangerous outcome of West Nile virus (WNV) infection in humans. As no specific prophylaxis nor therapy is available for these infections, focus is on preventive strategies. We aimed to find variables associated with WNND diagnosis, hospitalisation or death, to identify high-risk sub-groups of the population, on whom to concentrate these strategies.
methodsWe used data from The European Surveillance System-TESSy, provided by National Public Health Authorities, and released by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). In two Firth-penalised logistic regression models, we considered age, sex, clinical criteria, epidemiological link to other cases (epi-link), calendar year, and season as potential associated variables. In one model we considered also the rural/urban classification of the place of infection (RUC), while in the other the specific reporting country.
findingsAmong confirmed West Nile Virus cases, 2,916 WNND cases were registered, of which 2,081 (71.4%), and 383 (13.1%) resulted in the hospitalisation and death of the patient, respectively. Calendar year, RUC/country, age, sex, clinical criteria, and epi-link were associated with WNND diagnosis. Hospitalisation was associated with calendar year and RUC/country; whereas death was associated with age, sex and country.
interpretationOur results support previous findings on WNND associated variables (most notably age and sex); while by observing the whole population of WNND cases in the considered area and period, they also allow for stronger generalizations, conversely to the majority of previous studies, which used sample populations.
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