ArticleSensors (Basel, Switzerland)2023
Characterization of Instrument Transformers under Realistic Conditions: Impact of Single and Combined Influence Quantities on Their Wideband Behavior.
Article in Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparative Analysis of Additional Measurement Error Introduced by Inductive Current Transformers, Rogowski Coils and Electronic Current Transducer for Harmonics of Distorted Current.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Reference High-Voltage Sensing Chain for the Assessment of Class 0.1-WB3 Instrument Transformers in the Frequency Range up to 150 kHz According to IEC 61869.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Measurement System and Testing Procedure for Characterization of the Conversion Accuracy of Voltage-to-Voltage and Voltage-to-Current Integrating Circuits for Rogowski Coils.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Measurement System for Current Transformer Calibration from 50 Hz to 150 kHz Using a Wideband Power Analyzer.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Analytical Investigation of Primary Waveform Distortion Effect on Magnetic Flux Density in the Magnetic Core of Inductive Current Transformer and Its Transformation Accuracy.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Nonlinearity of the magnetization characteristic of the magnetic core in calculation of current error and phase displacement values of inductive CTs.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Development of Inductive Current Transformer 400/5/1 of Class 0.2S for Frequency Range 50 Hz-5 kHz.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Instrument transformers (ITs) play a key role in electrical power systems, facilitating the accurate monitoring and measurement of electrical quantities. They are essential for measurement, protection, and metering in transmission and distribution grids and accurately reducing the grid voltage and current for low-voltage input instrumentation. With the increase in renewable energy sources, electronic converters, and electric vehicles connected to power grids, ITs now face challenging distorted conditions that differ from the nominal ones. The study presented in this paper is a collaborative work between national metrology institutes and universities that analyzes IT performance in measuring distorted voltages and currents in medium-voltage grids under realistic conditions. Both current and voltage measuring transformers are examined, considering influence quantities like the temperature, mechanical vibration, burden, adjacent phases, and proximity effects. The study provides detailed insights into measurement setups and procedures, and it quantifies potential errors arising from IT behavior in measuring distorted signals in the presence of the various considered influence quantities and their combinations. The main findings reveal that the temperature has the most evident impact on the inductive voltage transformer performance, as well as the burden, causing significant changes in ratio error and phase displacement at the lower temperatures. As for low-power ITs, establishing a priori the effects of adjacent phases and proximity on the frequency responses of low-power ITs is a complex matter, because of their different characteristics and construction solutions.
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