ReviewNutrients2023
Liquorice Toxicity: A Comprehensive Narrative Review.
Review in Nutrients, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
28 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of Licorice Functional Components Intakes on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and NETWORK Toxicology.Nutrients · 2024Pooled it
- Review
- Bioactive compounds of Glycyrrhiza glabra and their functional role in modulating gut inflammation and intestinal homeostasis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizic acid in inflammation-related diseases: from HMGB1-oriented molecular insights to preclinical application.Archives of pharmacal research · 2026Review
- Article
- Therapeutic potential of glycyrrhizin in nervous system diseases.Chinese medical journal · 2026Article
- Plants used in medicines and foods in osteoporosis: mechanistic insights into bone-remodeling homeostasis and clinical evidence.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Case Report: Delirium and complications resulting from the abuse of compound liquorice tablets.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- Medicinal plants as biological and socio-ecological components of One Health.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Characterization and Mechanism Prediction of Active Components in Fuganlin Oral Liquid for Respiratory Tract Infections Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and Network Pharmacology.Journal of analytical methods in chemistry · 2026Article
- A rare case of apparent mineralocorticoid excess induced by chronic liquorice ingestion.Endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism case reports · 2026Article
- Polyphenolic compounds inFrontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Pharmacist-Led Full-Course Pharmaceutical Care Model in Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis: A Case Report-Based Approach to Optimizing Multidisciplinary Management.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Integrative Traditional Chinese Medicine Strategies for Refractory Mycoplasma Pneumonia in Children: Clinical Challenges, Mechanisms, and Evidence-Based Insights.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Review
- Glycyrrhizin preparations in liver diseases: a narrative review of mechanisms and therapeutic potential.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Review
- Development and validation of a deprescribing tool relevant to older persons in India using modified Delphi consensus technique.BMC geriatrics · 2025Article
- Integrative Assessment ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Mechanistic insights from metagenomics into the early-stage quality improvement of licorice under partial replacement of chemical by organic fertilizers.Frontiers in plant science · 2025Article
- Aortic dissection induced by licorice tablets overdose: a Case Report.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Licorice-Induced Pseudohyperaldosteronism: A Case Report.Clinical case reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRenowned since ancient times for its medical properties, liquorice is nowadays mainly used for flavoring candies or soft drinks. Continuous intake of large amounts of liquorice is a widely known cause of pseudo-hyperaldosteronism leading to hypertension and hypokalemia. These manifestations are usually mild, although in some cases may generate life-threatening complications, i.e., arrhythmias, muscle paralysis, rhabdomyolysis, and coma. In addition, liquorice has an important estrogenic-like activity.
methodsWe summarized the current knowledge about liquorice and reviewed 104 case reports in both the English and Italian languages from inception to June 2023 concerning complications due to an excess of liquorice intake.
resultsIn contrast to most published data, female sex and old age do not appear to be risk factors. However, hypertension and electrolyte imbalance (mainly hypokalemia) are prevalent features. The detection of glycyrrhetinic acid in blood is very uncommon, and the diagnosis is essentially based on an accurate history taking.
conclusionsAlthough there is not a significant mortality rate, liquorice toxicity often requires hospitalization and therefore represents a significant health concern. Major pharmaceutical drug regulatory authorities should solicit public awareness about the potentially dangerous effects caused by excessive use of liquorice.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.