ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2023
Risk Factors for Myopia: A Review.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 45 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
45 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biological mechanisms of atropine in myopia control (Review).Molecular medicine reports · 2026Pooled it
- The growing burden of myopia in Europe: evidence from population-based cohorts.European journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and initial validation of the PREP questionnaire into Spanish for assessing quality of life in children wearing spectacles.Journal of optometry · 2026Article
- Trend of Myopia Incidence Among Adolescents (2018-2025) in Senior High School: An 8-Year Retrospective Study in Multi-Regions of China, With Projections to 2030.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Mouse predation is dependent on a population of POU6F2-positive retinal ganglion cells.iScience · 2026Article
- Effect of combining peripheral defocus spectacle lens wear with 0.01% atropine.Annals of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Orthokeratology and retinal risk: a new dimension in myopia control.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- STudy of Atropine to Reduce (STAR) Myopia Progression in Children: 24-Month Results of a Randomized, Double-Masked, Vehicle-Controlled Trial of Atropine Sulfate 0.01% and 0.03.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Myopia control efficacy of annular microstructure defocus spectacle lenses: a 1-year multicenter study.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Evaluation of the association between myopia and ocular biometric parameters by scheimpflug technology in Saudi Arabia.International ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- Review
- Lipid metabolism related inflammation modulates ocular growth in a high-fat diet guinea pig model.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Consensus on evidence gaps and unmet needs in childhood myopia: findings from a European Delphi study with eye care professionals and payers.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Screening test for early detection of myopia based on hybrid images.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Robust and interpretable unit level causal inference in neural networks for pediatric myopia.NPJ digital medicine · 2026Article
- Parent engagement in children's eye care behavior and vision-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Prevalence of Myopia in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review of Malaysian Prevalence Studies.The Malaysian journal of medical sciences : MJMS · 2026Review
- Association between building density and screening myopia in children and adolescents: a 5-year longitudinal study from China.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Environmental exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate in relation to myopia in adolescents: a cross-sectional NHANES study.European journal of medical research · 2026Article
- Association between peripheral retinal lesions and ocular biometric parameters in adults with mild-to-moderate myopia attending a refractive surgery clinic.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Due to the myopia prevalence increase worldwide, this study aims to establish the most relevant risk factors associated with its development and progression. A review search was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify the main myopia risk factors. The inclusion criteria for the articles were those related to the topic, carried out in subjects from 5 to 30 years, published between January 2000 and May 2023, in English, and with the full text available. Myopia etiology has proven to be associated with both genetic and environmental factors as well as with gene-environment interaction. The risk of developing myopia increases in children with myopic parents (one parent ×2 times, two parents ×5 times). Regarding environmental factors, education is the main risk factor correlated with myopia prevalence increase. Further, several studies found that shorter distance (<30 cm) and longer time spent (>30 min) for near work increase the risk of myopia. Meanwhile, increased outdoor activity (>40 min/day) has been shown to be a key factor in reducing myopia incidence. In conclusion, the interventional strategy suggested so far to reduce myopia incidence is an increase in time outdoors and a reduction in the time spent performing near-work tasks.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.