ArticleBiomedicines2023
Chronic Kidney Disease Has No Impact on Tear Film Substance P Concentration in Type 2 Diabetes.
Article in Biomedicines, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 3 citations in OpenAlex.
- Clinical Anterior Segment and Ocular Surface Findings Across Renal Replacement Modalities: Associations with CKD-Related Factors, Mineral Metabolism and Activin A.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Association among Corneal Nerve Metrics, Ocular Surface Integrity, and Renal Function in Type 2 Diabetes.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Methods for the evaluation of corneal nerve fibres in diabetes mellitus by in vivo confocal microscopy: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2025Article
- Analysis of Clinical Characteristics and Neuropeptides in Patients with Dry Eye with and without Chronic Ocular Pain after FS-LASIK.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeThe study aimed to ascertain the potential effects of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on substance P concentration in the tear film of people with type 2 diabetes.
methodsParticipants were classified into two groups: type 2 diabetes with concurrent chronic kidney disease (T2DM-CKD (n = 25)) and type 2 diabetes without chronic kidney disease (T2DM-no CKD (n = 25)). Ocular surface discomfort assessment, flush tear collection, in-vivo corneal confocal microscopy, and peripheral neuropathy assessment were conducted. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were utilized to ascertain the levels of tear film substance P in collected flush tears. Correlation analysis, hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis, and t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were used in the analysis of data for two-group comparisons.
resultsThere was no substantial difference between the T2DM-CKD and T2DM-no CKD groups for tear film substance P concentration (4.4 (0.2-50.4) and 5.9 (0.2-47.2) ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.54). No difference was observed in tear film substance P concentration between the low-severity peripheral neuropathy and high-severity peripheral neuropathy groups (4.4 (0.2-50.4) and 3.3 (0.3-40.7) ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.80). Corneal nerve fiber length (9.8 ± 4.6 and 12.4 ± 3.8 mm/mm
conclusionIn conclusion, no significant difference in tear film substance P concentration was observed between type 2 diabetes with and without CKD. Corneal nerve loss, however, was more significant in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease compared to type 2 diabetes alone, indicating that corneal nerve morphological measures could serve greater utility as a tool to detect neuropathy and nephropathy-related corneal nerve changes.
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