ArticleJournal of racial and ethnic health disparities2023
Black Americans' Diminished Return of Educational Attainment on Tobacco Use in Baltimore City.
Article in Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Hypertension Prevalence among American Indian and Alaska Native Adults: National Health Interview Survey 2023.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Unequal Benefits: How Parental Education Falls Short for Black and Latino Youth.Open journal of educational research · 2025Article
- Educational Attainment Better Protects Non-Latino than Latino People Against Diabetes Mellitus.Global journal of cardiovascular diseases · 2025Article
- Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment.Open journal of educational research · 2025Article
- "To Be Twice as Good to Get Half": Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2025Article
- Puberty Onset and Positive Urgency Explain Diminished Returns of Family Income on Tobacco and Marijuana Use.Open journal of psychology · 2025Article
- Differential protective effects of Family Income-to-Poverty-Ratio on electronic cigarette, depression, and obesity of Black and White Americans.AIMS public health · 2024Article
- Education Does Not Equally Increase Financial Well-being for All.Journal of social mathematical & human engineering sciences · 2024Article
- Educated but Unhealthy? Examining Minorities' Diminished Returns.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- What is Common Becomes Normal; Black-White Variation in the Effects of Adversities on Subsequent Initiation of Tobacco and Marijuana During Transitioning into Adolescence.Journal of mental health & clinical psychology · 2024Article
- Educated but on Social Security Disability Insurance: Minorities' Diminished Returns.Journal of biomedical and life sciences · 2024Article
- Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Body Mass Index Among Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data.Global journal of epidemiology and infectious disease · 2024Article
- Walking the Divide: A Public Health Journey from Manhattan to Harlem.Journal of social mathematical & human engineering sciences · 2024Article
- High Education, Low Returns: Financial Literacy Challenges for African Americans and Hispanics.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
- Unequal Returns: Education Fails to Fully Prepare Black and Latino Americans for Retirement.Open journal of educational research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSocioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as educational attainment are fundamental factors affecting health. One mechanism through which education affects health is by reducing the likelihood of engaging in high-risk behaviors such as smoking. However, according to the marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) theory, the association between education and health may be weaker for marginalized populations such as Black than White, primarily due to racism and discrimination. However, little is known about the racial variations in the differential associations between educational attainment and tobacco use in a local setting.
aimThis study aimed to investigate the differential association between educational attainment and tobacco use among racial groups in a community sample in Baltimore City.
methodsThis cross-sectional study used data from a community survey conducted in 2012-2013 in Baltimore City among adults aged 18 years or older. The participants were 3501 adults. Univariate, bivariate, and logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata to investigate the racial difference in the association between education and two outcomes: current smoking status and menthol tobacco product use.
resultsThe study found that adults with a graduate degree were less likely to be current smokers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.13) and menthol tobacco users (AOR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.07-0.14) compared to those with less than high school diploma. The inverse associations between educational attainment and current smoking (AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.05-3.21) and menthol tobacco product use (AOR: 4.73, 95% CI: 2.07-10.80) were weaker for Back individuals than those who were White.
conclusionDue to MDRs of educational attainment, while highly educated White adults show a low risk of tobacco use, educated Black adults remain at a disproportionately increased risk. The study emphasizes the need for better policies and programs that address minorities' diminished return of education for tobacco use.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.