ArticlePediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany)2024
Urinary excretion of calcium, phosphate, magnesium, and uric acid in healthy infants and young children. Influence of feeding practices in early infancy.
Article in Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Daily clinical markers in metabolic bone disease of prematurity.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Biomarkers of phosphate homeostasis and metabolic bone disease of prematurity: impact of early nutrition and regulation by vitamin D, iPTH, PTHrP, and FGF23.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Urinary Calcium and Phosphorus Excretion in Vitamin D-Sufficient Preterm Infants: Establishing Age-Specific Normative Data.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2025Article
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7 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundReference values for urinary calcium (Ca) and other solutes/creatinine (Cr) ratios in infants and young children are scarce. Its variation with type of lactation administered, breastfed (BF) or formula (F), is incompletely known.
methodsA total of 511 spot urine samples from 136 children, aged 6 days to < 5 years, was collected. Urine was collected no fasting in infants < 18 months and first morning fasting in children aged 2.5-4 years. Urinary osmolality, Cr, urea, Ca, phosphate (P), magnesium (Mg), and uric acid (UA) were determined. Values are expressed as solute-to-Cr ratio.
resultsUrinary values were grouped according to the child's age: 6-17 days (G1), 1-5 months (G2), 6-12 months (G3), 13-18 months (G4), and 2.5-4 years (G5). G1 was excluded; Ca/Cr and UA/Cr (95th percentile) decreased with age (G2 vs. G5) from 1.64 to 0.39 and 2.33 to 0.83 mg/mg, respectively. The P/Cr median rises significantly with age from 0.31 (G2) to 1.66 mg/mg (G5). Mg/Cr was similar in all groups (median 0.20, 95th percentile 0.37 mg/mg). Ca/Cr (95th percentile) of BF infants was 1.80 mg/mg (< 3 months) and 1.63 mg/mg (3-5 months), much higher than F infants (0.93 and 0.90 mg/mg, respectively). P/Cr and P/Ca were lower in BF infants.
conclusionsValues for urinary Ca/Cr, P/Cr, Mg/Cr, and UA/Cr in infants and children < 5 years were updated. BF infants < 6 months showed higher Ca/Cr and lower P/Cr than F infants. New cutoff values to diagnose hypercalciuria in infants < 6 months, according to the type of lactation, are proposed.
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