ArticleBMC public health2023
Catastrophic health expenditure and its inequality in rural China: based on longitudinal data from 2013 to 2018.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Has volume-based procurement reduced household catastrophic health expenditure in rural patients with chronic disease?-Evidence from CHARLS 2018 and 2020 in China.Health economics review · 2026Article
- Who is more fearful of being dependent? A Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition analysis of rural-urban difference among middle-aged and older Chinese adults.The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026Article
- Household financial management behavior and catastrophic health expenditure risk in rural China: the moderating role of health insurance coverage.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Resource endowment, medical services utilization and health poverty vulnerability: evidence from middle-aged and older households in rural western China.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Impact of multimorbidity on household expenditure in China: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A retrospective study of insurance coverage status and economic cost of rare diseases in Hainan Province.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Catastrophic health payments in Ghana post-National Health Insurance Scheme implementation: an analysis of service-specific health expenditures.BMJ global health · 2025Article
- Spatio-temporal patterns and determinants of persistent catastrophic health expenditure in China: evidence from the China Family Panel Studies.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Catastrophic health expenditure associated with non-inpatient costs among middle-aged and older individuals in China.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCatastrophic health expenditure (CHE) is an important indicator of measuring health inequality. Previous studies mainly focused on specific vulnerable populations rather than a wider range of vulnerable areas through panel data. Rural China is often associated with an underdeveloped economy and insufficient health resources. This study aims to update the information on the extent of and trends in the incidence and inequality of CHE among the households of rural China through longitudinal survey data.
methodsData were obtained from three waves of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS): 2013, 2015, and 2018. In total, 2,575 households were included in the analysis. CHE was defined as household health expenditures exceeding 40% of non-food expenditures. Inequality in CHE was measured using the concentration curve and concentration index. The contribution to CHE inequality was decomposed using the concentration index decomposition method.
resultsThe incidence of CHE was 0.2341 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.25) in 2013, 0.2136 (95% CI: 0.20, 0.23) in 2015, and 0.2897 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.31) in 2018 in rural China. The concentration curve lay above the equality line, and the concentration index was negative: -0.1528 (95% CI: -0.1941, -0.1115) in 2013, -0.1010 (95% CI: -0.1442, -0. 0577) in 2015, and -0.0819 (95% CI: -0.1170, -0.0467) in 2018. Economic status, age, and chronic diseases were the main contributors to inequality in CHE.
conclusionsThe incidence of CHE in rural China displayed an upward trend from 2013 to 2018, although it was not continuous. Furthermore, a strong pro-low-economic inequality in CHE existed in rural China. Mainly economic status, age, and chronic diseases contributed to this pro-low-economic inequality. Health policies to allocate resources and services are needed to satisfy the needs of rural households and provide more accessible and affordable health services. More concern needs to be directed toward households with chronic diseases and older persons to reduce the incidence of CHE and promote health equality.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.