ArticlePloS one2023
The impact of perceived everyday discrimination and income on racial and ethnic disparities in PTSD, depression, and anxiety among veterans.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- An Evidence Map of the Women Veterans' Health Literature, 2016 to 2023: A Systematic Review.JAMA network open · 2025Pooled it
- Racial Discrimination and PTSD Symptoms Among Black Women: The Mediating Roles of Anxiety and Depression.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Discrimination and Disordered Eating in Economically Disadvantaged Adults: A Multilevel, Longitudinal Study.Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · 2026Article
- Building Trust and Connection: A Family Systems Perspective on Black Veteran Reintegration.Journal of marital and family therapy · 2026Article
- Addressing Race-Based Trauma for Black Veterans Engaged in PTSD Evidence-Based Psychotherapy.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Relationships between PTSD severity and suicidal ideation in Cambodian women: The role of individual symptom clusters, trauma types and depression.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2026Article
- The Role of Ethnic Origin on Psychosocial Health in Portugal: An Examination of Risk and Protective Factors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Ethnic Disparities in Mental Health Among Adults in China.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Veteran Reports of Anxiety and Depression Before, During, and After COVID-19: Associations With Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Traumatic Exposures.Depression and anxiety · 2025Article
- Examining the Direct and Mediated Associations Between Perceived Discrimination and Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Individuals with Chronic Pain.Stigma and health · 2024Article
- "Permission to Come Out of The Dark": A Qualitative Analysis of Male and Female Veterans' Use of a Telehealth Art Therapy Intervention.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesBlack and Hispanic/Latinx individuals experience a greater burden of mental health symptoms as compared to White individuals in the general population. Examination of ethnoracial disparities and mechanisms explaining these disparities among veterans is still in its nascence. The current study examined perceived everyday discrimination and income as parallel mediators of the association between race/ethnicity and PTSD, depression, and general anxiety symptoms in a sample of White, Black, and Hispanic/Latinx veterans stratified by gender.
methodsA random sample of 3,060 veterans living across the U.S. (oversampled for veterans living in high crime communities) completed a mail-based survey. Veterans completed self-report measures of perceived discrimination via the Everyday Discrimination Scale, PTSD symptoms via the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist-5, depressive symptoms via the Patient Health Questionnaire, and anxiety symptoms via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire.
resultsModels comparing Black vs. White veterans found that the significant effect of race on PTSD, depression, and anxiety symptoms was mediated by both perceived discrimination and income for both male and female veterans. Results were less consistent in models comparing Hispanic/Latinx vs. White veterans. Income, but not perceived discrimination, mediated the relationship between ethnicity/race and depression and anxiety symptoms, but only among women.
conclusionsResults suggest that discrimination and socioeconomic status are important mechanisms through which marginalized social status negatively impacts mental health.
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