ReviewDiabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders2023
Humanistic and Economic Burden of Patients with Cardiorenal Metabolic Conditions: A Systematic Review.
Review in Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Potato Consumption and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Harmonized Analysis of Seven Prospective Cohorts.Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- Randomized Controlled Trial Based US Commercial Payor Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty Versus Lifestyle Modification Alone for Adults With Class I/II Obesity.Obesity surgery · 2024Trial
- Article
- Healthcare expenditures associated with cardiovascular, chronic kidney, and diabetic conditions, 2021-2023.BMC nephrology · 2026Article
- PaCE CKD: A Multinational Survey of Financial Burden and Work Productivity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Caregivers.Advances in therapy · 2026Article
- Association of Higher Dietary Omega-3 Fatty Acid Intake With Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome Stage Severity and Mortality in US Adults: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Analysis of NHANES 1999 to 2018.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2026Observational
- Readiness to deliver integrated cardiovascular, kidney and metabolic care in primary healthcare: phase II of HEARTS 2.0 in 26 countries in the Americas.BMJ global health · 2026Article
- Objective tongue phenotyping identifies phenotypic heterogeneity in diabetic kidney disease: a dual-center clustering analysis.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2026Article
- Evaluation, Management and Therapeutic Approach of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Multidisciplinary Delphi Expert Consensus.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Syndemic approach to chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease and educational level: a longitudinal cohort study in northwest Italy.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2025Article
- Challenges and Stimulating Factors for the Incorporation of Economic Considerations in Clinical Practice Guidelines: A Scoping Review.Journal of evaluation in clinical practice · 2025Article
- Cost Offset of Dapagliflozin in the US Medicare Population with Cardio-Kidney Metabolic Syndrome.Advances in therapy · 2024Article
- Cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM): Call for action for European Guidelines for Primary Care Physicians.Journal of primary care & community healthReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionDiabetes is associated with significant economic burden. Moreover, cardiovascular disease (CVD), including heart failure, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are common comorbidities, leading to premature mortality. We conducted a systematic review to assess the humanistic and economic burden of cardio-renal-metabolic (CRM) conditions in individuals ≥ 18 years with CVD, CKD, and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
methodsWe searched Embase
resultsOf 1804 studies identified, 22 (including four conference publications) were selected involving 351,296,930 participants (one modeled the US population); eight reported healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), seven only cost data, six HCRU and cost data, one reported quality-of-life data (11/18 and 7/18 had estimated low and medium risk of bias, respectively). Participants were predominantly ≥ 65 years and identified as having White ethnicity. Higher costs and HCRU were observed in patients with all three conditions compared to those with two or none. Urban/metropolitan and insured patients had higher healthcare expenditure and service utilization compared to uninsured and racial/ethnic minority populations. Comorbidities were associated with increased hospitalizations, higher costs, and more emergency department visits. In general, patients identified as having Black ethnicity had low odds of using healthcare services, possibly due to disparities in healthcare access and distrust in the system. Limitations included no adjustment for inflation and a predominance of retrospective studies.
conclusionsThis review showed a greater economic burden for patients with CRM conditions, with a clear trend between increasing numbers of comorbidities and increasing healthcare costs/resource use. Comparisons between countries are complicated and the scarcity of evidence from minority racial and ethnic groups and lack of data from non-US geographies warrant further investigation.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.