ArticleNature immunology2023
APOE4 impairs the microglial response in Alzheimer's disease by inducing TGFβ-mediated checkpoints.
Article in Nature immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 146 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
146 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 180 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- ω-3 PUFA for Secondary Prevention of White Matter Lesions and Neuronal Integrity Breakdown in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2024Trial
- Plasma phosphorylated tau 217 concentrations, APOE genotype, and timing of cognitive impairment in individuals across diverse racial and ethnic groups: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies.The Lancet. Neurology · 2026Article
- Human iPSC models revealResearch square · 2026Article
- Older adult APOE4 mice exhibit modest immunometabolic adaptation following microglial APOE2 replacement.Neurobiology of aging · 2026Article
- Rethinking Alzheimer's Origins: Antimicrobial Amyloid and Tau Point to Potential Upstream Immune Triggers.Neuroscience bulletin · 2026Article
- uPAR exhibits age- and region-dependent expression in the brains of mice with Alzheimer's disease-like pathology.Brain research · 2026Article
- Microglia heterogeneity in vascular dementia pathology.iScience · 2026Review
- Review
- APOE3 and APOE4 human astrocytes differentially modulate Alzheimer's disease pathology and microglial responses in chimeric mice.Cell reports · 2026Article
- Review
- APOEε4 attenuates early TREM2-mediated microglial responses and influences disease trajectories in dementia with Lewy bodies.Research square · 2026Article
- Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic strategies.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Article
- Reshaping the immune landscape: next-generation microglia-targeted therapies for Alzheimer's disease.Biological research · 2026Review
- Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies.Cell · 2026Review
- ApoE lipoproteins in the central nervous system under homeostasis and role in Alzheimer's disease and related disorders.Molecular neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Microglial checkpoint collapse in Alzheimer's disease: a tri-axial framework for biomarker-informed neuroimmune therapy.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Review
- Review
- APOE4 Drives Uniquely Dysfunctional Human Microglial States in Alzheimer's Disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
86 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
43 authors at 8 institutions in 8 countries.
Funding
Abstract
The APOE4 allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). The contribution of microglial APOE4 to AD pathogenesis is unknown, although APOE has the most enriched gene expression in neurodegenerative microglia (MGnD). Here, we show in mice and humans a negative role of microglial APOE4 in the induction of the MGnD response to neurodegeneration. Deletion of microglial APOE4 restores the MGnD phenotype associated with neuroprotection in P301S tau transgenic mice and decreases pathology in APP/PS1 mice. MGnD-astrocyte cross-talk associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque encapsulation and clearance are mediated via LGALS3 signaling following microglial APOE4 deletion. In the brains of AD donors carrying the APOE4 allele, we found a sex-dependent reciprocal induction of AD risk factors associated with suppression of MGnD genes in females, including LGALS3, compared to individuals homozygous for the APOE3 allele. Mechanistically, APOE4-mediated induction of ITGB8-transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling impairs the MGnD response via upregulation of microglial homeostatic checkpoints, including Inpp5d, in mice. Deletion of Inpp5d in microglia restores MGnD-astrocyte cross-talk and facilitates plaque clearance in APP/PS1 mice. We identify the microglial APOE4-ITGB8-TGFβ pathway as a negative regulator of microglial response to AD pathology, and restoring the MGnD phenotype via blocking ITGB8-TGFβ signaling provides a promising therapeutic intervention for AD.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.