SynthesisFrontiers in public health2023
Disparities in COVID-19 related outcomes in the United States by race and ethnicity pre-vaccination era: an umbrella review of meta-analyses.
Synthesis in Frontiers in public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 27 citations in OpenAlex.
- Health, economic, and equity impact of a COVID-19 mobile vaccine clinic program in US: a cost-effectiveness analysis.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Racial Disparities in Long COVID: Why Black Americans are Likely Underrepresented in Long COVID Estimates.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Review
- Statistical Accuracy of Administratively Recorded Race/Ethnicity in the Military Health System and Race/Ethnicity Ascertained via Questionnaire.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Investigating Longitudinal Trajectories of COVID-19 Disruption: Methodological Challenges and Recommendations.Prevention science : the official journal of the Society for Prevention Research · 2026Article
- Association of Area Deprivation Index with perinatal and COVID-19 outcomes during the early pandemic: a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study.The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstetricians · 2025Article
- Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 long term outcomes study (PECOS): cross sectional analysis at baseline.Pediatric research · 2025Observational
- Perspectives on COVID-19 Vaccination Among Unvaccinated and Under-Vaccinated African American/Black and Latine Frontline Essential Workers: A Qualitative Exploration.AIDS and behavior · 2025Article
- Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with chemical intolerance.Family medicine and community health · 2025Article
- Disparities in Digital Health Care Use in 2022.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Sources of successful participant engagement in a public health research study: A focus on a Latino community.PloS one · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic status and risk of COVID-19 hospitalization in theFrontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Examining the role of social environment on COVID-19 infections and vaccine uptake among migrants in Japan: Findings from nationwide surveys in 2021 and 2023.Journal of migration and health · 2025Article
- The equitable aging in health conceptual framework: international interventions infusing power and justice to address social isolation and loneliness among older adults.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Differences in Outcomes of Neonates Born at Less Than 30 Weeks' Gestation, 2018-2022.JAMA network open · 2024Article
- COVID-19 deaths in dental occupations and other healthcare occupations among U.S. decedents in 2020.American journal of industrial medicine · 2024Article
- Social Disparities and Critical Illness during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Narrative Review.Critical care clinics · 2024Review
- Examining where to go: pediatric psychology trainees' perception of their graduate training in culture and diversity.Journal of pediatric psychology · 2024Article
- Changes in Screening Test Volume in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program during the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-2022.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2024Article
- Health equity in COVID-19 testing among patients of a large national pharmacy chain.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Community Resident Survey of COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude, Knowledge and Acceptance.Journal of healthcare, science and the humanitiesArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Meta-analyses have investigated associations between race and ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes. However, there is uncertainty about these associations' existence, magnitude, and level of evidence. We, therefore, aimed to synthesize, quantify, and grade the strength of evidence of race and ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes in the US. Methods: In this umbrella review, we searched four databases (Pubmed, Embase, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Epistemonikos) from database inception to April 2022. The methodological quality of each meta-analysis was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews, version 2 (AMSTAR-2). The strength of evidence of the associations between race and ethnicity with outcomes was ranked according to established criteria as convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, weak, or non-significant. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022336805. Results: Of 880 records screened, we selected seven meta-analyses for evidence synthesis, with 42 associations examined. Overall, 10 of 42 associations were statistically significant ( Conclusion: Individuals of Black and Hispanic groups had a higher risk of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization compared to their White counterparts. These associations of race and ethnicity and COVID-19 outcomes existed more obviously in the pre-hospitalization stage. More consideration should be given in this stage for addressing health inequity.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.