ReviewRheumatology international2024
The effects of hydroxychloroquine and its promising use in refractory obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome.
Review in Rheumatology international, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 17 citations in OpenAlex.
- Hydroxychloroquine and pregnancy outcomes in patients with anti-phospholipid syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.RMD open · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of hydroxychloroquine sulfate combined with aspirin and enoxaparin sodium therapy on perinatal outcomes in patients with undifferentiated connective tissue disease-related recurrent miscarriage: a retrospective clinical study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2026Article
- Hydroxychloroquine therapy for women with both recurrent pregnancy loss and autoimmune disease: association with pregnancy outcomes and maternal-fetal complications.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Prothrombotic fibrin clot properties are associated with lower live births rate in women with obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a cohort study.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Antiphospholipid antibodies and atherosclerotic vascular disease: recent advances.Rheumatology international · 2025Review
- Placental Pathology in Obstetric Antiphospholipid Syndrome Beyond Thrombosis: A Case Report and Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: Immunomodulatory effects in autoimmune diseases.World journal of biological chemistry · 2025Review
- Neonatal intracardiac thrombosis secondary to transplacental transfer of maternal antiphospholipid antibodies-a case report and review of the literature.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Article
- Immunohistochemical analysis reveals higher Myxovirus resistance protein 1 expression and increased macrophage count in placentas from patients with systemic rheumatic diseases.Rheumatology international · 2025Article
- Antiphospholipid syndrome in pregnancy: a comprehensive literature review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Review
- Novel advances on pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and treatment of antiphospholipid syndrome.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Hydroxychloroquine's diverse targets: a new frontier in precision medicine.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- The Validation of the 2023 ACR/EULAR Antiphospholipid Syndrome Classification Criteria in a Cohort from Turkey.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Association between hydroxychloroquine use and risk of diabetes mellitus in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis: a UK Biobank-based study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is obtained by hydroxylation of chloroquine (CQ) and the first indication was malaria. Nowadays, HCQ is commonly used in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with favorable results. Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity and persistent positivity of antiphospholipid antibodies. Around 20-30% of pregnant women with APS develop adverse pregnancy outcomes despite conventional treatment with aspirin and heparin, called refractory obstetric APS. Interestingly, HCQ has shown positive effects on top of the standard of care in some refractory obstetric APS patients. HCQ mechanisms of action in APS comprise its ability to bind sialic acid present in cell membranes, its capacity to block the binding of antiphospholipid antibodies to the cell and the induced increase of pH in extracellular and intracellular compartments. However, the precise mechanisms of HCQ in the specific situation of refractory APS still need to be fully clarified. Therefore, this review summarizes the known modulating effects of HCQ and CQ, their side effects and use in APS and different pathologies to understand the benefit effects and the mechanism of action of HCQ in refractory obstetric APS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.