Observational studyEye (London, England)2024
Impact of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin use on progression to glaucoma surgery in primary open angle glaucoma.
Observational study in Eye (London, England), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed, 2 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association between human immunodeficiency virus infection and the risk of glaucoma: a real-world multicenter cohort study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Research Progress of Diabetes-related Glaucoma: Mechanisms, Impacts and Management Strategies.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Review
- Unveiling Systemic Biomarkers and Metabolic Mechanisms in Glaucoma Progression from Multi-Omics Insights.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo investigate outcomes of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
methodsRetrospective observational study using U.S. nationwide healthcare insurance claims database. Patients ≥40 years old with at least one HbA1c within one year of POAG diagnosis were included. Diabetic factors associated with POAG progression requiring glaucoma surgery were evaluated using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for demographic, diabetic and glaucoma factors. T2DM diagnosis and use of either oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin therapy were assessed in association with POAG progression requiring glaucoma surgery.
results104,515 POAG patients were included, of which 70,315 (67%) had T2DM. The mean age was 68.9 years (Standard deviation 9.2) and 55% were female. Of those with T2DM, 93% were taking medication (65,468); 95% (62,412) taking oral hypoglycaemic agents, and 34% (22,028) were on insulin. In multivariable analyses, patients with T2DM had a higher hazard of requiring glaucoma surgery (Hazard ratio, HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.09-1.21, p < 0.001). Higher mean HbA1c was also a significant predictor of progression requiring glaucoma surgery (HR 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03, p < 0.001). When evaluating only patients who were taking antidiabetic medication, after adjusting for confounders, insulin use was associated with a 1.20 higher hazard of requiring glaucoma surgery compared to oral hypoglycaemic agents (95% CI 1.14-1.27, p < 0.001), but when stratified by HbA1c, this effect was only significant for those with HbA1c > 7.5%.
conclusionsHigher baseline HbA1c, particularly in patients taking insulin may be associated with higher rates of glaucoma surgery in POAG.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.