ArticleMicrobiology spectrum2023
Distinguishing SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccine responses up to 18 months post-infection using nucleocapsid protein and receptor-binding domain antibodies.
Article in Microbiology spectrum, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Assessment of Residual-Serum SARS-CoV-2-N-Antigen Testing for Hospital Surveillance in Germany.Journal of medical virology · 2026Article
- Article
- Measuring Humoral Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review of Serological Assays.Vaccines · 2026Review
- Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Persistence in Individuals With Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases Compared to the General Population: A RECOVER-Adult Cohort Study.Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Agreement Between Self-Reported COVID-19 and Dried Blood Spot Serology: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Review
- Article
- Kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG in saliva and serum post infection, and subsequent vaccination in South Africa.African journal of laboratory medicine · 2026Article
- Proteomic signatures of COVID-19 Post-Vaccination/Post-Infection Syndrome (PV/PIS): insights into immune dysregulation and coagulopathy.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Article
- Assessing COVID-19 IgG levels among vaccinated and non-vaccinated individuals in Mthatha - South africa: A case-control approach.Virusdisease · 2025Article
- From first infection to reinfection: Comparing Nucleocapsid antibody kinetics in vaccinated and unvaccinated adults.Vaccine · 2025Article
- Differentiating Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Antibody Responses Between Infection and Vaccination: Challenges for Epidemiological Research.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Age associated SARS-CoV-2 immune responses provide insights into population immunity over four years since the COVID-19 pandemic.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Nucleocapsid Antibodies as an Optimal Serological Marker of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Longitudinal Study at the Thomayer University Hospital.Journal of clinical laboratory analysis · 2025Article
- Serological insights from SARS-CoV-2 heterologous prime and boost responses in Thailand.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spike specific IgG3 and nucleocapsid IgG response in serum serve as distinguishing immunological markers between SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines in Transplant Recipients and Hemodialysis Patients: Data from the Dominican Republic.Vaccines · 2024Article
- SARS-CoV-2 anti-RBD and anti-N protein responses are differentially regulated between mother-child pairs: insight from a national study cohort at the Faroe Islands.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
importanceLongitudinal studies are essential to unravel details regarding the protective antibody responses after COVID-19 infection and vaccination. It has become challenging to distinguish long-term immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination since most approved vaccines are based on the viral spike (S) protein, which is also mostly used in immunoassays measuring immunoglobulins (Igs) against SARS-CoV-2. We have developed a novel nucleocapsid (N) protein-based sandwich ELISA for detecting pan-anti-SARS-CoV-2 Ig, exhibiting high sensitivity and specificity. Generalized mixed models were used to determine long-term humoral immunity in a cohort of infected individuals from the Faroe Islands, distinguishing between COVID-19 vaccine- and infection-induced immunity. A clear difference in the dynamics of the antibody response against N protein and S protein was observed over time, and the anti-N protein-specific Igs could be detected up to 18 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. This enables long-term discrimination between natural infection and vaccine-dependent antibody responses.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.