ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2023
GK-1 effectively reduces angiogenesis and prevents T cell exhaustion in a breast cancer murine experimental model.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Macroscopic polarimetric discrimination and quantification of antiangiogenic effect of AGRO aptamer and GK1 peptide in a preclinical melanoma model.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Microenvironmental regulation and remodeling of breast cancer angiogenesis: from basic mechanisms to clinical therapeutic implications.Discover oncology · 2025Review
- Article
- Exploring the Mechanisms Underlying Cellular Uptake and Activation of Dendritic Cells by the GK-1 Peptide.ACS omega · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
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Abstract
Breast cancer is the leading malignancy in women worldwide, both in terms of incidence and mortality. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the type with the worst clinical outcomes and with fewer therapeutic options than other types of breast cancer. GK-1 is a peptide that in the experimental model of the metastatic 4T1 breast cancer has demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-metastatic properties. Herein, GK-1 (5 mg/kg, i.v.) weekly administrated not only decreases tumor growth and the number of lung macro-metastases but also lung and lymph nodes micro-metastases. Histological analysis reveals that GK-1 reduced 57% of the intra-tumor vascular areas, diminished the leukemoid reaction's progression, and the spleens' weight and length. A significant reduction in VEGF-C, SDF-1, angiopoietin-2, and endothelin-1 angiogenic factors was induced. Moreover, GK-1 prevents T cell exhaustion in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) decreasing PD-1 expression. It also increased IFN-γ and granzyme-B expression and the cytotoxic activity of CD8
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.