ArticleAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association2024
Sex differences in risk factors, burden, and outcomes of cerebrovascular disease in Alzheimer's disease populations.
Article in Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences inFrontiers in dementia · 2025Pooled it
- Female vulnerability to microvascular transport dysfunction emerges early across the Alzheimer's disease continuum.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in the Association of Simultaneous Decline in Blood Pressure and Decline in Cognition during Aging.Annals of neurology · 2026Article
- Rising Comorbid Alzheimer's and Hypertension Mortality in Older Adults in the United States: Trends and Disparities From a 21-Year CDC WONDER Analysis (1999-2019).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2026Article
- Social and Cardiovascular Risk Factors as Predictors of the Progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia in a Large EHR Database.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Sex-specific retina-brain signatures link ERα/ERβ imbalance with gliosis in Alzheimer's disease.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Characterizing spatiotemporal white matter hyperintensity pathophysiology in vivo to disentangle vascular and neurodegenerative contributions.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Plasmalogens and their Associations with Brain Function and Structure in Older Community Dwelling African Americans.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Projected Cognitive and Brain Aging Benefits of Eliminating Cardiometabolic Risks in Non-Hispanic White and Black Males - HABS-HD.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Neuroendocrine-vascular interaction is associated with thalamocortical disorganization and cognitive decline in perimenopausal hypertension.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent grey matter atrophy in Alzheimer's disease progression.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Vascular risk factors mediate the relationship between education and white matter hyperintensities.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Sex differences in vulnerability to tau pathology: Impact on cognitive decline.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Racial and ethnic differences in cardiometabolic predictors of white matter hyperintensities burden among males: The HABS-HD study.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in the Impact of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk Burden on Cognitive Health.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2025Article
- Cardiovascular contributions to dementia: Examining sex differences and female-specific factors.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Review
- Racial ethnic variations in the cardiometabolic determinants and blood pressure of white matter hyperintensities among females-The HABS-HD Study.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Altered triple network model connectivity is associated with cognitive function and depressive symptoms in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Observational
- No sex differences in the association between regional brain structure abnormalities and cognitive functioning in a geriatric memory clinic population.Aging brain · 2025Article
- Sex-specific risk factors and clinical dementia outcomes for white matter hyperintensities in a large South Korean cohort.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWhite matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with cognitive decline and progression to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. It remains unclear if sex differences influence WMH progression or the relationship between WMH and cognition.
methodsLinear mixed models examined the relationship between risk factors, WMHs, and cognition in males and females.
resultsMales exhibited increased WMH progression in occipital, but lower progression in frontal, total, and deep than females. For males, history of hypertension was the strongest contributor, while in females, the vascular composite was the strongest contributor to WMH burden. WMH burden was more strongly associated with decreases in global cognition, executive functioning, memory, and functional activities in females than males. DISCUSSION: Controlling vascular risk factors may reduce WMH in both males and females. For males, targeting hypertension may be most important to reduce WMHs. The results have implications for therapies/interventions targeting cerebrovascular pathology and subsequent cognitive decline. HIGHLIGHTS: Hypertension is the main vascular risk factor associated with WMH in males A combination of vascular risk factors contributes to WMH burden in females Only small WMH burden differences were observed between sexes Females' cognition was more negatively impacted by WMH burden than males Females with WMHs may have less resilience to future pathology.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.