ArticleBMC public health2023
The association between material-psychological-behavioral framework of financial hardship and markers of inflammation: a cross-sectional study of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Refresher cohort.
Article in BMC public health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Social media use duration and epigenetic aging among U.S. adults in the MIDUS refresher study.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Maternal adversity and peripheral proinflammatory cytokine concentrations in pregnancy.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Stable Longitudinal Screening of Latent Physiological Dysregulation from Psychometric Data Using Machine Learning.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Introducing social determinants of health to the Alzheimer's Disease Research Center network: Development and implementation in the Uniform Data Set.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2025Article
- Long COVID and financial hardship: A disaggregated analysis at income and education levels.Health services research · 2025Article
- Quality of Life and C-Reactive Protein in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Alpha psychiatry · 2024Article
- Anticipatory Guidance: Developing a Patient Navigation Pathway to Reduce the Financial Toxicity of Cancer.Medical research archives · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMeasures of financial hardship have been suggested to supplement traditional indicators of socioeconomic status (SES) to elucidate household economic well-being. This study formally tested the construct validity of financial hardship and examined its association with markers of inflammation.
methodsThis study utilized data from the Midlife Development in the United States Refresher Study (MIDUS-R; Age = 23-76, 53.7% female, 71% white). Participants were divided into exploratory factor analysis (EFA; completed SAQs only; N = 2,243) and confirmatory factor analysis sample (CFA; completed SAQs and biomarker assessment; N = 863). Analysis was divided into three steps. First, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) is used to examine if the three-domain factor (material, psychological, and behavioral) is the best fitting model for financial hardship measures. Second, we conducted CFA to test the hypothesized three-factor measurement model of financial hardship. Third, we tested the association between domains and the general latent factor of financial hardship and inflammation (interleukin 6/IL6, c-reactive protein/CRP, and fibrinogen).
resultsResults from EFA supported the three-domain model of financial hardship. The hypothesized three-domain measurement model fits well in a different sample within MIDUS-R. In the models adjusted for age and sex, higher material hardship was associated with elevated IL6, CRP, and fibrinogen, while higher behavioral hardship was associated with higher CRP. The association between the material domain and IL6 remained significant after adding body mass index, education, and race as additional covariates. The second-order financial hardship measurement model was associated with IL6, CRP, and fibrinogen, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, education, and race.
conclusionExplicating the socioeconomic environment to include indicators of financial hardship can help researchers better understand the pathway between SES and the inflammation process, which may help elucidate pathways between SES and age-related chronic diseases associated with inflammation.
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