SynthesisJournal of epidemiology and community health2023
Sex differences in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccines: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.
Synthesis in Journal of epidemiology and community health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Factors associated with reactogenicity to an investigational HIV vaccine regimen in HIV vaccine trials network 702.Vaccine · 2024Trial
- Safety Profiles of Seasonal Influenza Vaccines in Chinese Children and Adolescents: A Pooled Analysis of Five Clinical Studies.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the long-term tolerability of BNT162b2 in children and adolescents.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- The problem with one-size-fits-all medicine: Biological sex and the aging immune system.PLoS biology · 2026Article
- A post-marketing surveillance study of a human rabies vaccine in China (2020-2024).Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Integrated Analysis of the Safety Experience in Adults with the Bivalent Respiratory Syncytial Virus Prefusion F Vaccine.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Sex, Age, and Previous Herpes Zoster Infection Role on Adverse Events Following Immunization with Adjuvanted Recombinant Vaccine.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Observational
- Sex differences in symptoms following the administration of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in children below 5 years of age in Germany (CoVacU5): a retrospective cohort study.Biology of sex differences · 2024Article
- Immune dynamics throughout life in relation to sex hormones and perspectives gained from gender-affirming hormone therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite being a vaccine-preventable disease, influenza remains a major public health threat with vaccine safety concerns reducing vaccine acceptability. Immune responses to vaccines and adverse events may differ between males and females, but most studies do not report results by sex. Using data from clinical trials, we explored sex differences in adverse events following seasonal influenza vaccines.
methodsWe obtained data for phase III randomised controlled trials identified through a systematic review and clinical trials registries, and performed a two-stage meta-analysis. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) comparing solicited reactions in females
resultsThe dataset for this analysis included 34 343 adults from 18 studies (12 with individual-level data and 6 with aggregate data). There was a higher risk of injection site reactions in females compared with males for both younger and older participants, with RRs of 1.29 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.37) and 1.43 (95% CI 1.28 to 1.60), respectively. Higher risk in females was also observed for systemic reactions, with RRs of 1.25 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.31) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.34) for younger and older participants, respectively. We also observed elevated risks of severe reactions in females, with a higher RR in younger
conclusionThis meta-analysis suggested a higher risk of solicited reactions following influenza vaccines for females compared with males, irrespective of age and vaccine type. Transparent communication of this risk could increase the trust in vaccines and limit vaccine hesitancy. Future studies should report results stratified by sex and explore the role of gender in the occurrence of adverse events.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.