ArticleBMJ open2023
Association between urban-rural location and prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in West Africa: a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- The burden of prediabetes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- A Stratification Method for Identifying Subgroups at High-Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Real-world validation of an AI-based non-mydriatic fundus camera in the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in Liberia.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- Skin-related adverse events and their associated factors among Diabetic patients on insulin therapy.PloS one · 2026Article
- Prevalence and risk factors of hypertension and diabetes among persons living with HIV in Zambia: results of a national facility-based cross-sectional survey.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2025Article
- Article
- The national and provincial prevalence and non-fatal burdens of diabetes in China from 2005 to 2023 with projections of prevalence to 2050.Military Medical Research · 2025Article
- The Unique Ethnicity-Specific Aspects of Burden, Pathogenesis and Management of Prediabetes: Insights from Africa.Current diabetes reports · 2025Review
- Lifestyle, Demographic and Clinical Correlates of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Urban and Rural Adults: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Inquiry : a journal of medical care organization, provision and financingArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 8 institutions in 9 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe investigated the association between urban/rural location and both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes among populations of five West African countries.
designCross-sectional studies, using the WHO Stepwise (STEPs) survey data.
settingNational representative data of both urban and rural areas from Benin, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Liberia and Mali.
participantsAdults comprising 15 468 participants (6774 men and 8746 women; 7663 urban and 7805 rural residents) aged between 25 and 64 years.
resultsThe age and sex-adjusted prevalence of T2DM was 6.2% for urban areas and 2.5% for rural areas. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) was 6.6% for urban areas, and 3.0% for rural areas. No differences by sex were observed. The crude relative risk (RR) and 95% CI of T2DM and IFG in urban compared with rural areas were 2.69 (1.85 to 3.91) and 2.37 (1.53 to 3.66), respectively. This reduced to RR: 2.03, 95% CI (1.34 to 3.08) and RR: 2.04, 95% CI (1.27 to 3.28), respectively, after adjusting for covariables.
conclusionThe prevalence of both T2DM and IFG was more than two times as high in urban areas compared with rural areas in West Africa. Behavioural risk factors are common among urban populations, with ongoing urbanisation expected to drive increases in the prevalence of T2DM. These results could guide planning for T2DM screening, preventive strategies and resource allocation in West Africa.
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