ReviewThe journal of headache and pain2023
Menstrual migraine is caused by estrogen withdrawal: revisiting the evidence.
Review in The journal of headache and pain, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- Compartment-specific redox modulation in migraine with aura: a systematic review of context-dependent mechanisms.Journal of oral & facial pain and headache · 2026Pooled it
- The association between endometriosis and migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Pooled it
- Oxytocin receptor antagonism in migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled provocation study.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Trial
- [Transgender health, migraine and headache-Underestimated associations, limited data situation].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Review
- Clinical characteristics of pure menstrual migraine and menstrually-related migraine: a cross-sectional online questionnaire study.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Review
- Effectiveness of an Oral Supplementation of Phycocyanin and Palmitoylethanolamide for a Short-Term Prophylaxis of Menstrual Migraine: A Retrospective Observational Study.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Waning light, waxing pain: The lunar cycle's association with migraine headache occurrence.Headache · 2026Article
- Potential Roles of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 30 (GPR30) in Migraine Pathophysiology.Journal of pain research · 2026Review
- The special extract ERr 731Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- The microgenderome in migraine: integrating sex hormones, microbial composition, and metabolic profiles into a sex-related framework.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Review
- Integrative Migraine Therapy: From Current Concepts to Future Directions-A Plastic Surgeon's Perspective.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Clinical characteristics and social burden of menstrual migraine in Japan: an online-based cross-sectional questionnaire study.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Impaired meningeal lymphatic drainage correlates with headache intensity in episodic migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- Decreases in Hormone Levels Modulate Neurovascular Coupling but Not Reduced Insular Functional Connectivity in Menstrual-Related Migraine.Human brain mapping · 2025Article
- Identification of comorbid genes between type 2 diabetes and migraine through peripheral blood single-cell and Mendelian randomization analysis.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Article
- The role and interaction of hypothalamic-related neurotransmitters in migraine.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Relationship of Reduced Pain Intensity and Improved Quality-of-Life with Menstrual Migraine with Aspirin, Acetaminophen, and Caffeine Combination.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Migraine with and without aura-two distinct entities? A narrative review.The journal of headache and pain · 2025Review
- Lasmiditan and Different Triptans in Menstrual Migraine: A Bayesian Network Meta-analysis.Pain and therapy · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo explore and critically appraise the evidence supporting the role of estrogen withdrawal in menstrual migraine. MAIN BODY: Menstrual migraine, impacting about 6% of reproductive-age women, manifests as migraine attacks closely related to the menstrual cycle. The estrogen withdrawal hypothesis posits that the premenstrual drop in estrogen levels serves as a trigger of migraine attacks. Despite its wide acceptance, the current body of evidence supporting this hypothesis remains limited, warranting further validation. Estrogen is believed to exert a modulatory effect on pain, particularly within the trigeminovascular system - the anatomic and physiologic substrate of migraine pathogenesis. Nevertheless, existing studies are limited by methodologic inconsistencies, small sample sizes, and variable case definitions, precluding definitive conclusions. To improve our understanding of menstrual migraine, future research should concentrate on untangling the intricate interplay between estrogen, the trigeminovascular system, and migraine itself. This necessitates the use of robust methods, larger sample sizes, and standardized case definitions to surmount the limitations encountered in previous investigations.
conclusionFurther research is thus needed to ascertain the involvement of estrogen withdrawal in menstrual migraine and advance the development of effective management strategies to address unmet treatment needs.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.