ArticleScience advances2023
X-crossing pneumatic artificial muscles.
Article in Science advances, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed.
- Artificial Muscles: Electrostatic Actuation and Design Tradeoffs.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Bioinspired Twisted Artificial Muscles with Enhanced Performance for Underwater Applications.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Twisting Tube Artificial Muscle (TTAM) and Its Application in Agonist and Antagonist Drive.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Fuel-Powered Soft Actuators: Emerging Strategies for Autonomous and Miniaturized Robots.Nano-micro letters · 2026Review
- Dual-Chamber One-Step Molding Actuator with Straight-Curved Crease Prismatic Design for Large-Range Motions and Structural Stability.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Frequency-selective actuation of liquid crystalline elastomer actuators with radio-frequency.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Embedded Conductive Fiber for Pumpless Liquid-Gas Phase Transition Soft Actuation.ACS applied materials & interfaces · 2025Article
- Shape morphing of soft robotics by pneumatic torsion strip braiding.Nature communications · 2025Article
- A non-electrical pneumatic hybrid oscillator for high-frequency multimodal robotic locomotion.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Soft multifunctional bistable fabric mechanism for electronics-free autonomous robots.Science advances · 2025Article
- 3D Printed Multi-Cavity Soft Actuator with Integrated Motion and Sensing Functionalities via Bio-Inspired Interweaving Foldable Endomysium.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- High-Performance Twisted Nylon Actuators for Soft Robots.Research (Washington, D.C.) · 2025Article
- An agile multimodal microrobot with architected passively morphing wheels.Science advances · 2024Article
- A Pneumatic Flexible Linear Actuator Inspired by Snake Swallowing.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Article
- Fast, variable stiffness-induced braided coiled artificial muscles.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Bioinspired Stimuli-Responsive Materials for Soft Actuators.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Artificial muscles are promising in soft exoskeletons, locomotion robots, and operation machines. However, their performance in contraction ratio, output force, and dynamic response is often imbalanced and limited by materials, structures, or actuation principles. We present lightweight, high-contraction ratio, high-output force, and positive pressure-driven X-crossing pneumatic artificial muscles (X-PAMs). Unlike PAMs, our X-PAMs harness the X-crossing mechanism to directly convert linear motion along the actuator axis, achieving an unprecedented 92.9% contraction ratio and an output force of 207.9 Newtons per kilogram per kilopascal with excellent dynamic properties, such as strain rate (1603.0% per second), specific power (5.7 kilowatts per kilogram), and work density (842.9 kilojoules per meter cubed). These properties can overcome the slow actuation of conventional PAMs, providing robotic elbow, jumping robot, and lightweight gripper with fast, powerful performance. The robust design of X-PAMs withstands extreme environments, including high-temperature, underwater, and long-duration actuation, while being scalable to parallel, asymmetric, and ring-shaped configurations for potential applications.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.