SynthesisPloS one2023
Global risk factor analysis of myopia onset in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- The relationship between green space and myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Exercise and visual training interventions for myopia in children and adolescents: a systematic review with a focus on near-far accommodation.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Metabolomic characteristics of aqueous humor in young myopia patients without fundus complications.Eye (London, England) · 2026Trial
- Violet light-transmitting intraocular lens increases choroidal thickness: 1-year prospective, randomised controlled trial.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Trial
- Effect of Individualized Ocular Refraction Customization Spectacle Lens Wear on Visual Performance in Myopic Chinese Children.Translational vision science & technology · 2024Trial
- Prevalence of myopia and myopia trends among optometric telemedicine users in Spain: a retrospective nationwide observational study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Comparison of Refraction Obtained with the Myopia Master and Subjective Manifest Refraction in Pediatric Orthokeratology.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Relationships of Body Composition with Refractive Error and Axial Length in 8-Year-Old Japanese Children.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Self-Reported Myopia Among Undergraduate Students in the Northern Region of Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Near-work activity duration and myopia in children: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.Biomedical reports · 2026Article
- The incidence of myopia and the factors associated with it among primary and junior high school students in Shihezi, China, a cohort study based on the SHAP model.BMC public health · 2026Observational
- A Narrative Review of Childhood Myopia Management Across the NHS and Private Sector in the UK.Cureus · 2026Review
- Identifying and Managing Pre-Myopia: A Narrative Review.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2026Review
- Multifocal electroretinography assessment of retinal responses to myopic defocus lenses.PeerJ · 2026Article
- Lifestyle and environmental risk factors for myopia in children: Evidence from a large-scale cross-sectional study in Shandong, China.PloS one · 2026Article
- Associated factors of myopia in a Portuguese sample of adolescents: Parental history and school-related lifestyle.PloS one · 2026Article
- Effectiveness of orthokeratology plus vision therapy for controlling myopia progression in children.American journal of translational research · 2026Article
- Associations of postural asymmetry with refractive error: an objective photogrammetric analysis in students.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Risk Factors for Myopia in Primary School Children in Madrid: A School-Based Cycloplegic Refraction Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Trends and predictions of myopia among Chinese children aged 7-12 years from 1985 to 2019.Scientific reports · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionThis work aimed to comprehensively assess the risk factors affecting myopia in children to develop more effective prevention and treatment strategies. To this end, data from database were employed to assess the relationship between the incidence of myopia and its risk factors.
methodsWe searched eight databases online in June 2022. Cohort studies were included that measured the connection between risk factors and myopia. Eligibility was not restricted by language. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to measure the risk of bias and conducted GRADE evaluation to determine the certainty of evidence. Potential risk factors with positive or negative results were seen. Inplasy Registration: https://inplasy.com/inplasy-2022-4-0109/.
resultsEvidence that risk factors for myopia are mixed, comprising both positive (20) and null (17) findings. In 19 cohort studies on 3578 children, girls were more likely to develop myopia (RR: 1.28 [1.22-1.35]). Myopia can occur at any age, from early childhood to late adulthood. Children whose parents had myopia were more likely to develop myopia. Longer outdoor activities time (RR: 0.97 [0.95-0.98]) and less near-work time (RR: 1.05 [1.02-1.07]) appeared to be significantly decrease the incidence of myopia. Children with lower SE, longer AL, a lower magnitude of positive relative accommodation, worse presenting visual acuity, deeper anterior chamber, and thinner crystalline lens may be related to myopia onset. The burden of myopia in underprivileged countries is higher than in developed countries (RR: 5.28 [2.06-13.48]). The quality of evidence for the evaluated factors was moderate to low or very low.
conclusionsGenetic factors, environmental factors (such as excessive use of electronic products, and poor study habits) and lifestyle factors (such as lack of outdoor activities, poor nutrition, etc.) are the main risk factors for myopia in children. Myopia prevention strategies should be designed based on environmental factors, gender, parental myopia and eye indicators in order to explore a lifestyle that is more conducive to the eye health of children.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.