SynthesisPloS one2023
Costs of inpatient care and out-of-pocket payments for COVID-19 patients: A systematic review.
Synthesis in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 12 citations in OpenAlex.
- Productivity Losses due to Health Problems Arising from COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Population-Level Studies Worldwide.Applied health economics and health policy · 2025Pooled it
- Costs of hospital stays in Switzerland during the COVID-19 pandemic: a comparative analysis between cancer and non-cancer patients.BMC health services research · 2026Observational
- Cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity and risk of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 hospitalization: the HUNT study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Economic Burden of COVID-19 Hospitalization in Almaty, Kazakhstan.ClinicoEconomics and outcomes research : CEOR · 2026Article
- Estimating the direct medical cost of illness of COVID-19 hospitalisations in Kuwait: efficiency trade-offs from real-world data analysis.Health economics review · 2025Article
- Strategies to Reduce Hospital Length of Stay: Evidence and Challenges.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Out-of-pocket pharmaceutical expenditure and potential misuse of public resources - analysis in the Italian context.Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E · 2025Article
- Economic impact and disease burden of COVID-19 in a tertiary care hospital: A three-year analysis.PloS one · 2025Article
- A Retrospective Claims Data Analysis on the Burden of COVID-19-Related Hospitalization in Adults at High Risk for Severe Disease Progression in Germany.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2025Article
- The First Two Years of COVID-19 Hospitalization Characteristics and Costs: Results from the National Discharge Registry.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Unveiling the truth: is COVID-19 reimbursement in Colombia a flawed design? A cost-of-illness analysis for moderate, severe and critical infections.BMJ open respiratory research · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo identify the costs of hospital care for patients with COVID-19 and the amount of out-of-pocket payments.
methodsWe conducted a systematic review using Scopus and WEB OF SCIENCE and PubMed databases in April 5, 2022 and then updated in January 15, 2023. English articles with no publication year restrictions were included with study designs of cost-of-illness (COI) studies, cost analyses, and observational reports (cross-sectional studies and prospective and retrospective cohorts) that calculated the patient-level cost of care for COVID-19. Costs are reported in USD with purchasing power parity (PPP) conversion in 2020. The PROSPERO registration number is CRD42022334337.
resultsThe results showed that the highest total cost of hospitalization in intensive care per patient was 100789 USD, which was reported in Germany, and the lowest cost was 5436.77 USD, which was reported in Romania. In the present study, in the special care department, the highest percentage of total expenses is related to treatment expenses (42.23 percent), while in the inpatient department, the highest percentage of total expenses is related to the costs of hospital beds/day of routine services (39.07 percent). The highest percentage of out-of-pocket payments was 30.65 percent, reported in China, and the lowest percentage of out-of-pocket payments was 1.12 percent, reported in Iran. The highest indirect cost per hospitalization was 16049 USD, reported in USA, and the lowest was 449.07 USD, reported in India.
conclusionThe results show that the COVID-19 disease imposed a high cost of hospitalization, mainly the cost of hospital beds/day of routine services. Studies have used different methods for calculating the costs, and this has negatively impacted the comparability costs across studies. Therefore, it would be beneficial for researchers to use a similar cost calculation model to increase the compatibility of different studies. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42022334337.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.