ArticleCurrent protocols2023
Collection and Analysis of Vaginal Smears to Assess Reproductive Stage in Mice.
Article in Current protocols, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pubertal development and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis are altered in male mice lacking Mecp2.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2026Article
- Kisspeptin made in the preoptic area is required for normal estradiol-induced LH surges and optimal fertility in females.Endocrinology · 2026Article
- Mitochondrial vulnerability underlies myocarditis from COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Stage-specific gut microbial restructuring drives estrous transition in rabbits.Animal bioscience · 2026Article
- A preliminary investigation of gene expression and levels of FSH, IL-10, and TNF-α and histological staining in natural aging mice.Turkish journal of obstetrics and gynecology · 2026Article
- Female Reproductive Tract Organ-on-Chips: Modeling Barrier Function and Drug Transport.Pharmaceutics · 2026Review
- ARMH4 accelerates aging by maintaining a positive-feedback growth signaling circuit.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Agmatine Mitigates Diabetes-Related Memory Loss in Female Mice by Targeting IAntioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Activation of ionotropic and group I metabotropic glutamate receptors stimulates kisspeptin neuron activity in mice.Journal of neuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Modulation ofCurrent neuropharmacology · 2025Article
- Mild Gestational Hypothyroidism in Mice Has Transient Developmental Effects and Long-Term Consequences on Neuroendocrine Systems.Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association · 2025Article
- Determination of vaginal cytology and MMP-9 expression during early pregnancy in mice.Veterinary and animal science · 2024Article
- Study on the Effect of the Vaginal Administration of Conjugated Estrogens Cream Combined with Progesterone on the Endometrium of Rats and Its Mechanism of Action.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Ictal activity is sustained by the estrogen receptor β during the estrous cycle.Current research in neurobiology · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
1 author.
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Abstract
An increasing number of scientific studies include female mice to assess possible sex differences. As such, for reproducibility by others, it is important to consider hormonal levels, i.e., report the reproductive status of the female mice used. The mouse estrous cycle can be divided in 4 stages, all characterized by a different proportion of 3 cell types found in vaginal secretions. Observation of the mouse vaginal opening and collection of vaginal smears for analysis of cytology can be done in order to determine puberty onset and estrus stage. This protocol describes the characteristics of each estrus stage and details a quick and low-invasive method for collection of vaginal secretions. Examples of estrous cycle stages are included to help the investigator visualize patterns of cyclicity, which can provide important information about the reproductive health of the mice. Published 2023. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Basic Protocol 1: Visual assessment of vaginal opening Basic Protocol 2: Collection of vaginal secretion (smears).
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Registered trials
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