ReviewFrontiers in immunology2023
Surface toll-like receptor 9 on immune cells and its immunomodulatory effect.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed.
- A dual-targeting mRNA lipid nanoparticle restores ABCA1-dependent cholesterol homeostasis to promote repair of age-related bone defects.Bioactive materials · 2027Article
- Bronchial lesions in a high serum IgA mouse model: pulmonary venular IgA deposition and spatially distinct lymphoid cell aggregation.Journal of pathology and translational medicine · 2026Article
- TLR9-engineered photoresponsive biomimetic nanodecoys for targeted NETs clearance to mitigate periodontitis-associated bone resorption.International journal of oral science · 2026Article
- Conformationally Constrained Phosphonate Backbone Linkages Enhance CpG Oligonucleotide Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 9.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- TLR9 DNA methylation and gene expression in cattle naturally infected with B. abortus.Tropical animal health and production · 2026Article
- Differential regulation of monocyte exhaustion by distinct TLR agonists and underlying mechanisms.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- LNP-based delivery of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist elicits potent adjuvant effects and antitumor immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Plasmacytoid dendritic cells modulate the production of mucosal IgA in IgA nephropathy.Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association · 2026Article
- Fulfilling multiple roles in PROTAC design: The emerging potential of oligonucleotides.European journal of medicinal chemistry · 2026Review
- Advances in Elucidating the Mitochondrial DNA Mechanisms Underlying Ozone-Induced Inflammation.Toxics · 2026Review
- Toll-like Receptor 3 is Required for Sensing Extracellular Double Stranded RNA in Salmonid Cells.Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- Monogenic forms of inflammatory bowel disease: Genetic mechanisms, models, and clinical implications.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Review
- Unravelling the noncanonical extracellular DNA structures in biofilm and NETosis.Nucleic acids research · 2026Review
- The lung microbiome and asthma: from inflammatory phenotype differentiation to microbe-based immunomodulatory strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptors in fish: evolution, structure, immune signaling, and translational prospects for adjuvant-based vaccine design in aquaculture.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Phospholipase D: emerging therapeutic targets in signaling, metabolism, and immune-oncology.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Review
- Cell-free DNA in sepsis: from molecular insights to clinical management.Military Medical Research · 2025Review
- Royal jelly fermented byBiochemistry and biophysics reports · 2025Article
- CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides challenged macrophages ameliorate acetaminophen induced liver injury by activating TLR9/IRG1/itaconate metabolic pathway.Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025Article
- TLR9-Driven S-Palmitoylation in Dendritic Cells Reveals Immune and Metabolic Protein Targets.European journal of immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Toll like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been considered as a crucial intracellular pattern recognition receptor in the immune system, which can directly or indirectly mediate innate and adaptive immune responses by recognizing CpG DNA in endosomes to initiate its downstream signaling. However, TLR9 can also be expressed on the membrane surface of some immune and non-immune cells, called surface TLR9 (sTLR9), which covers the TLR9 and its immunomodulatory role with a mysterious veil. In this review, we mainly focus on the sTLR9 expressed on neutrophils, B cells and erythrocytes, and its immunomodulatory roles displayed alone or in coordination with endosomal TLR9 (eTLR9), providing a theoretical reference for the application of its modulators.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.