ArticleBiology of sex differences2023
TLR8 escapes X chromosome inactivation in human monocytes and CD4
Article in Biology of sex differences, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex-based considerations in the choice for a TLR9 or TLR7/8 agonist to arm the sentinel lymph node in early-stage melanoma.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- Mosaic TLR8 gain-of-function in an elderly female treated with JAK inhibitor and adjunctive therapy.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- Sex-dependent mechanisms in rheumatic diseases.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Review
- Article
- Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Circular RNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- Impaired lipoprotein secretion by APOE4 leads to lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction in human microglia.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sexual Dimorphism in Allergic and Mast Cell-Associated Diseases.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Antimitochondrial antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus are associated with and predict nephritis, arterial vascular events, and mortality.Annals of the rheumatic diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics, management, and hematopoietic cell transplantation of patients with TLR8 gain-of-function.Blood advances · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Metabolite-Immune Circuits of Neuroinflammation.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Asthma endotypes and theratypes.Chinese medical journal pulmonary and critical care medicine · 2026Review
- The X Factor in Immunity: Sex Differences Shaped by the X Chromosome.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- The impact of X chromosome inactivation on human health.Frontiers in genetics · 2026Review
- Impact of testosterone-based gender-affirming hormone therapy on toll-like receptor transcript levels and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in transmasculine individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- Investigating Dysregulated X Chromosome Inactivation in Human B Cells and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by RNA FISH.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Article
- Sex as a modifier of genetic risk for type 1 diabetes.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2025Review
- Review
- Escape From X Chromosome Inactivation as a Driver of Plasmacytoid DC Heterogeneity in Health and Disease.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Gender and Allergy: Mechanisms, Clinical Phenotypes, and Therapeutic Response-A Position Paper from the Società Italiana di Allergologia, Asma ed Immunologia Clinica (SIAAIC).International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundHuman endosomal Toll-like receptors TLR7 and TLR8 recognize self and non-self RNA ligands, and are important mediators of innate immunity and autoimmune pathogenesis. TLR7 and TLR8 are, respectively, encoded by adjacent X-linked genes. We previously established that TLR7 evades X chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female immune cells. Whether TLR8 also evades XCI, however, has not yet been explored.
methodIn the current study, we used RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA FISH) to directly visualize, on a single-cell basis, primary transcripts of TLR7 and TLR8 relative to X chromosome territories in CD14
resultsUsing RNA FISH, we show that TLR8, like TLR7, evades XCI in immune cells, and that cells harboring simultaneously TLR7 and TLR8 transcript foci are more frequent in women and KS men than in euploid men, resulting in a sevenfold difference in frequency. This transcriptional bias was again observable when comparing the single X of XY males with the active X of cells from females or KS males. Interestingly, TLR8 protein expression was significantly higher in female mononuclear blood cells, including all monocyte subsets, than in male cells.
conclusionsTLR8, mirroring TLR7, escapes XCI in human monocytes and CD4
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.