ReviewBMC oral health2023
The prevalence of elongated styloid process in the population of Barcelona: a cross-sectional study & review of literature.
Review in BMC oral health, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Compression Syndromes of the Stylohyoid Complex: Neural, Arterial, and Venous Phenotypes in a Dynamic Neurovascular Corridor.Tomography (Ann Arbor, Mich.) · 2026Review
- Styloid Process Elongation as an Incidental Finding in Adult Orthodontic Patients: Prevalence, Morphology and Diagnostic Implications from Panoramic Radiography.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional relationship between the hyoid bone and the stylohyoid complex: a cone-beam computed tomography study introducing a novel angular parameter.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Demographic variation of styloid process morphology in panoramic radiography.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Styloid process morphology in extracranial internal carotid artery dissection: a CTA case-control study.BMC medical imaging · 2026Article
- Article
- Anatomical analysis of the elongated styloid process with reference to the styloglossus and stylopharyngeus muscles and ossified stylohyoid ligament: a cadaveric study.Anatomical science international · 2026Article
- CBCT-Based Analysis of Medial and Lateral Pterygoid Plates: Cross-Sectional Study of Saudi Subpopulation.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- An Abnormally Long Styloid Process Without Stylohyoid Ligament Ossification: Morphological and CT Findings from Two Dry Skulls.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Diagnostic accuracy of panoramic radiography in detecting styloid process elongation: a cone-beam computed tomography referenced retrospective study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Cervicobrachialgia in a female in her fourth decade of life: Have Eagle's syndrome and thoracic outlet syndrome been considered?Anales del sistema sanitario de Navarra · 2025Article
- Predictive Models for Stylohyoid Complex Elongation: A Multivariate Statistical Analysis with Evidence-Based Diagnostic Criteria.Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry · 2025Article
- Examination of the Frequency of Soft Tissue Ossification and Calcifications in Panoramic Radiographs: A Retrospective Study.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- The Anatomy of the Stylohyoid Chain: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- The correlation between the styloid process length, angle, head shape, and eagle syndrome based on high-resolution CT three-dimensional reconstruction: a retrospective study.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Article
- Evaluation of Styloid Process Elongation in Madinah, Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Radiographic Investigation.Cureus · 2024Article
- Automated classification of elongated styloid processes using deep learning models-an artificial intelligence diagnostics.Frontiers in oral health · 2024Article
- Accuracy in the Diagnostics of Styloid Process - Panoramic RadiographIn vivo (Athens, Greece)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundStyloid process (SP) is a cylindrical bony projection that originates from the inferior part of the petrous temporal bone just anteriorly to the stylomastoid foramen. Several nerves, muscles, and ligaments are related closely to the (SP). It is considered elongated when the measurement exceeds 30 mm. The overall prevalence of the styloid process is between 3.3% to 84.4%. The elongation of the styloid process (ESP) is associated with the manifestation of Eagle's Syndrome (ES) which is characterized by various types of pain in the head and neck region such as headache, tinnitus, otalgia, and trigeminal neuralgia. Eagle's syndrome occurs in 4-10.3% of individuals with an elongated styloid process (ESP). The objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of (ESP) in the patients who were treated in the Dental Hospital University of Barcelona (HOUB), to review the literature to spot the light on the different demographic data worldwide.
methodsThe archived panoramic image in the University of Barcelona dental Hospital were consecutively retrieved to investigate the prevalence of (ESP). Of all digital panoramic radiographs (OPG), 400 met the inclusion criteria and were furtherly analyzed. The results are correlated with the participant's gender, age, and occurrence. Age is subcategorized into three groups. A chi-square test is used to measure the significant differences and the P-value is set at < 0.05 for the level of significance.
resultsAmong the included 400, we found 291 demonstrating (ESP). The prevalence of (ESP) which exceeds 30 mm is 72.75%. It is found that the most common morphological type is type 1 which is regarded as the uninterrupted (ESP) regardless of gender and age group. Concerning the calcification pattern, the most prevalent is the partial calcified (ESP) despite genders and age groups.
conclusion(OPG) is a sufficient tool for the screening of the elongated styloid process. Regarding the prevalence, our results are considered higher than previously reported prevalence in different populations using (OPG) radiography tool. A study on a wider spectrum of the Spanish population is recommended to further investigate the correlation between the elongated styloid process and the occurrence of Eagle's syndrome.
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