SynthesisEuropean journal of nutrition2024
Protein intake and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an umbrella review of systematic reviews for the evidence-based guideline for protein intake of the German Nutrition Society.
Synthesis in European journal of nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pea protein preload improves postprandial glucose response in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, controlled pilot study.European journal of nutrition · 2026Trial
- Long-term effects of dietary protein and carbohydrate quality on prediabetes remission: results from the PREVIEW randomised multinational diabetes prevention trial.Diabetologia · 2026Trial
- Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Design of Plant-Protein Meat Analogues: Integrating Nutrition, Functionality, and Fibrillation-Based Texturization.Comprehensive reviews in food science and food safety · 2026Review
- The moderating role of central adiposity, sex and age, on the association between animal- and plant-based protein intake and the 20-year cumulative incidence of type 2 diabetes: the ATTICA cohort study (2002-2022).European journal of nutrition · 2026Article
- Long-term high-protein diet intake accelerates adipocyte senescence through macrophage CD38-mediated NADMolecular metabolism · 2026Article
- Associations of temporal protein patterns with diabetes and glycemic measures.Nutrition journal · 2025Article
- Dietary carbohydrate intake and health-related outcomes: a protocol for the evidence evaluation methodology for the new guideline on dietary carbohydrate intake of the German nutrition society.European journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Evaluation of sociodemographic and nutrition-related factors for type 2 diabetes risk: a sample from Turkiye.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Relationship between dietary acid-base load and non-insulin-based resistance measures in patients with chronic kidney disease.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Correlation between dietary acid-base load and chronic kidney disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
- Association of Low Protein-to-Carbohydrate Energy Ratio with Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Patients.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Nutritional value and environmental aspects of high-protein ultra-processed foods on the German market.Public health nutrition · 2024Article
- Roles of Lysine Methylation in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: Functions, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications.Biomolecules · 2024Review
- Article
- Association between Protein Intake and Diabetes Complications Risk Following Incident Type 2 Diabetes: The EPIC-Potsdam Study.Metabolites · 2024Article
- Impacts of dietary animal and plant protein on weight and glycemic control in health, obesity and type 2 diabetes: friend or foe?Frontiers in endocrinology · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors at 11 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeProtein-rich foods show heterogeneous associations with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and it remains unclear whether habitual protein intake is related to T2D risk. We carried out an umbrella review of systematic reviews (SR) of randomised trials and/or cohort studies on protein intake in relation to risks of T2D.
methodsFollowing a pre-specified protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42018082395), we retrieved SRs on protein intake and T2D risk published between July 1st 2009 and May 22nd 2022, and assessed the methodological quality and outcome-specific certainty of the evidence using a modified version of AMSTAR 2 and NutriGrade, respectively. The overall certainty of evidence was rated according to predefined criteria.
resultsEight SRs were identified of which six contained meta-analyses. The majority of SRs on total protein intake had moderate or high methodological quality and moderate outcome-specific certainty of evidence according to NutriGrade, however, the latter was low for the majority of SRs on animal and plant protein. Six of the eight SRs reported risk increases with both total and animal protein. According to one SR, total protein intake in studies was ~ 21 energy percentage (%E) in the highest intake category and 15%E in the lowest intake category. Relative Risks comparing high versus low intake in most recent SRs ranged from 1.09 (two SRs, 95% CIs 1.02-1.15 and 1.06-1.13) to 1.11 (1.05-1.16) for total protein (between 8 and 12 cohort studies included) and from 1.13 (1.08-1.19) to 1.19 (two SRs, 1.11-1.28 and 1.11-1.28) (8-9 cohort studies) for animal protein. However, SRs on RCTs examining major glycaemic traits (HbA
conclusionHigher total protein intake was possibly associated with higher T2D risk, while there is insufficient evidence for a risk increase with higher intakes of animal protein and a risk decrease with plant protein intake. Given that most SRs on plant protein did not indicate an association, there is possibly a lack of an effect.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.