ArticleSleep2023
Influence of sex hormone use on sleep architecture in a transgender cohort.
Article in Sleep, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
What it found
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed, 20 citations in OpenAlex.
- Shifting hormones, shaping health: Gender-affirming therapy & oral care.International journal of transgender health · 2026Article
- Beyond identity categories: chronotype and mental health as correlates of sleep quality in transgender and gender-diverse adults.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Article
- The proportion of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity to total volume of physical activity correlates with decreased risk of possible sarcopenia: A prospective cohort study.Journal of exercise science and fitness · 2025Article
- Effects of gender-affirming hormones on diurnal cortisol concentrations: A prospective study.Neurobiology of stress · 2025Article
- The influence of sex on sleep characteristics in the adult and older adult population: findings from the EPISONO sleep study.Frontiers in sleep · 2025Article
- Association Between Central Sleep Apnea and Left Atrial Enlargement in Snoring Patients with Preserved Ejection Fraction.Nature and science of sleep · 2025Article
- Association of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D with sleep disorders in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes: a prospective cohort study.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2025Article
- Remote Wearable Neuroimaging Devices for Health Monitoring and Neurophenotyping: A Scoping Review.Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- From macro to micro: slow-wave sleep and its pivotal health implications.Frontiers in sleep · 2024Review
- Exploring Hormone Therapy Effects on Reproduction and Health in Transgender Individuals.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Review
- Transgender Health: A Metabolic Wake-Up Call.Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolismArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
objectivesSex differences in sleep architecture are well-documented, with females experiencing longer total sleep time, more slow wave sleep (SWS), and shorter Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep duration than males. Although studies imply that sex hormones could affect sleep, research on exogenous sex hormones on sleep architecture is still inconclusive. This study examined sleep architecture changes in transgender individuals after 3 months of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT).
methodsWe assessed sleep architecture in 73 transgender individuals: 38 transmasculine participants who started using testosterone and 35 transfeminine participants who started using estrogens and antiandrogens. Sleep architecture was measured before GAHT and after 3 months of GAHT for 7 nights using an ambulatory single-electrode sleep EEG device. Changes in sleep architecture were analyzed using linear mixed models, and non-normally distributed outcomes were log-transformed and reported as percentages.
resultsIn transmasculine participants, SWS decreased by 7 minutes (95% CI: -12; -3) and 1.7% (95% CI: -3%; -0.5%), REM sleep latency decreased by 39% (95% CI: -52%; -22%) and REM sleep duration increased by 17 minutes (95% CI: 7; 26) after 3 months of GAHT. In transfeminine participants, sleep architecture showed no significant changes after 3 months of GAHT.
conclusionsSleep architecture changes after 3 months of masculinizing GAHT in line with sleep in cisgender males, while it shows no changes after feminizing GAHT. The sex-specific nature of these changes raises new questions about sex hormones and sleep. Future research should focus on studying possible underlying neural mechanisms and clinical consequences of these changes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.