ArticleBMC infectious diseases2023
Differential expression of biomarkers in saliva related to SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild, moderate and severe COVID-19.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 7 citations in OpenAlex.
- Serum asprosin levels as a potential prognostic biomarker in COVID-19: insights for future respiratory viral pandemics.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- High nasopharyngeal and serum IL-6 levels and the - 573G > C polymorphism (rs1800796) are linked with the risk of severe COVID-19 in a Mexican population: a case‒control study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Human Blood Non-Classical/Classical Monocyte Cells Are Heterogeneously Presented in Severe COVID-19 and Correlate with Disease Activity.Journal of innate immunity · 2025Article
- Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 Effects in an Active University Population: A Within-Campus Cross-Sectional Study at a Major Educational Institution.Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes · 2024Article
- Host-microbiome associations in saliva predict COVID-19 severity.PNAS nexus · 2024Article
- Plasmon resonance biosensor for interleukin-1β point-of-care determination: A tool for early periodontitis diagnosis.iScience · 2024Article
- Salivary diagnostics: opportunities and challenges.Theranostics · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSevere COVID-19 is a disease characterized by profound dysregulation of the innate immune system. There is a need to identify highly reliable prognostic biomarkers that can be rapidly assessed in body fluids for early identification of patients at higher risk for hospitalization and/or death. This study aimed to assess whether differential gene expression of immune response molecules and cellular enzymes, detected in saliva samples of COVID-19 patients, occurs according to disease severity staging.
methodsIn this cross-sectional study, subjects with a COVID-19 diagnosis were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe disease based on clinical features. Transcripts of genes encoding 6 biomarkers, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, C-reactive protein, IDO1 and ACE2, were measured by RT‒qPCR in saliva samples of patients and COVID-19-free individuals.
resultsThe gene expression levels of all 6 biomarkers in saliva were significantly increased in severe disease patients compared to mild/moderate disease patients and healthy controls. A significant strong inverse relationship between oxemia and the level of expression of the 6 biomarkers (Spearman's correlation coefficient between -0.692 and -0.757; p < 0.001) was found.
conclusionsBiomarker gene expression determined in saliva samples still needs to be validated as a potentially valuable predictor of severe clinical outcomes early at the onset of COVID-19 symptoms.
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