ArticleFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2023
Early expansion of activated adaptive but also exhausted NK cells during acute severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acute viral respiratory infections are not associated with an increased IMMune Age indeX (IMMAX) four weeks after infection: a prospective observational cohort study.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Immune Dysregulation and Persistent Symptoms: Insights into T Cell Dynamics in Post-COVID among Athletes from the CoSmo-S Study.Journal of clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Pre-existing and early cellular immune factors correlate with functionally complete protection against primary controlled human SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- From natural defenders to therapeutic warriors: NK cells in HIV immunotherapy.Immunotherapy · 2025Review
- The effect of COVID-19 and sex differences on natural killer cell cytotoxicity.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
- The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- SARS-CoV-2 infection induces adaptive NK cell responses by spike protein-mediated induction of HLA-E expression.Emerging microbes & infections · 2024Article
- TLR2/4 are novel activating receptors for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on NK cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Elevated levels of cell-free NKG2D-ligands modulate NKG2D surface expression and compromise NK cell function in severe COVID-19 disease.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
The analysis of immunological parameters during the course of a SARS-CoV-2 infection is of great importance, both to identify diagnostic markers for the risk of a severe course of COVID-19, and to better understand the role of the immune system during the infection. By using multicolor flow cytometry we compared the phenotype of Natural Killer (NK) cells from hospitalized COVID-19 patients during early SARS-CoV-2 infection with samples from recovered and SARS-CoV-2 naïve subjects. Unsupervised high-dimensional analysis of 28-color flow cytometric data revealed a strong enrichment of NKG2C expressing NK cells in response to the acute viral infection. In addition, we found an overrepresentation of highly activated NK cell subsets with an exhausted phenotype. Moreover, our data show long-lasting phenotypic changes within the NK cell compartment that did not completely reverse up to 2 months after recovery. This demonstrates that NK cells are involved in the early innate immune response against SARS-CoV-2.
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