ArticleChiropractic & manual therapies2023
Spinal manipulation characteristics: a scoping literature review of force-time characteristics.
Article in Chiropractic & manual therapies, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Mechanisms of manipulation: a systematic review of the literature on immediate anatomical structural or positional changes in response to manually delivered high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2024Pooled it
- Biomechanical comparison of lumbar rotational manipulations in two different positions using force measurement and finite element analysis.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Trial
- Immediate clinical and neuromechanical effects of cervical spine manipulation compared to cervical spine mobilization among individuals with chronic neck pain: a randomized mechanistic cross-over trial.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Trial
- The CHIRO-Force peer-assisted learning program for manual therapy education.The Journal of chiropractic education · 2026Article
- Visual monitoring in real-time improves consistency of 3D IASTM force applied to humans.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Observational
- Thoracic spinal manipulation: exploring force-time profiles and force modulation strategies in French chiropractors.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2026Article
- Force-time characteristics of hip high velocity, low amplitude manipulation in asymptomatic adults: with and without a drop piece.The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association · 2026Article
- From mannequins to humans - are manual therapy motor skills transferable? A mixed-methods study.BMC medical education · 2026Observational
- Force variability of thoracic spine mobilization and manipulation delivered by experienced physiotherapists to healthy human volunteers and a manikin: an observational study.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2025Observational
- Chiropractic students' force-time parameters for chiropractic adjustments at the beginning and end of an academic term.The Journal of chiropractic education · 2025Article
- Spinal manipulation/mobilization: past, present, future.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2025Article
- Contextual factors related to aging determine force-based manipulation dosage: a prospective cross-sectional study.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2025Article
- The role of force-sensing devices in spinal manipulative therapy research, education, and clinical practice.The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association · 2025Article
- Comparison of force-time characteristics of prone cervicothoracic spinal manipulative therapy between chiropractic interns and chiropractors: A cross-sectional study.The Journal of chiropractic education · 2025Article
- Neuromuscular Response to High-Velocity, Low-Amplitude Spinal Manipulation-An Overview.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Review
- Provider kinematic strategies during the delivery of spinal manipulation and mobilization: a scoping review of the literature.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2025Article
- Factors that contribute to the perceived treatment effect of spinal manipulative therapy in a chiropractic teaching clinic: a qualitative study.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2024Article
- Variability and repeatability of spinal manipulation force-time characteristics in thoracic spinal manipulation on a manikin.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2024Article
- The association between students' confidence and ability to modulate spinal manipulation force-time characteristics of specific target forces: a cross-sectional study.Chiropractic & manual therapies · 2024Article
- Development of a basic evaluation model for manual therapy learning in rehabilitation students based on the Delphi method.BMC medical education · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundSpinal manipulation (SM) is a recommended and effective treatment for musculoskeletal disorders. Biomechanical (kinetic) parameters (e.g. preload/peak force, rate of force application and thrust duration) can be measured during SM, quantifying the intervention. Understanding these force-time characteristics is the first step towards identifying possible active ingredient/s responsible for the clinical effectiveness of SM. Few studies have quantified SM force-time characteristics and with considerable heterogeneity evident, interpretation of findings is difficult. The aim of this study was to synthesise the literature describing force-time characteristics of manual SM.
methodsThis scoping literature review is reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. Databases were searched from inception to October 2022: MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase, CINAHL, ICL, PEDro and Cochrane Library. The following search terms and their derivatives were adapted for each platform: spine, spinal, manipulation, mobilization or mobilisation, musculoskeletal, chiropractic, osteopathy, physiotherapy, naprapathy, force, motor skill, biomechanics, dosage, dose-response, education, performance, psychomotor, back, neck, spine, thoracic, lumbar, pelvic, cervical and sacral. Data were extracted and reported descriptively for the following domains: general study characteristics, number of and characteristics of individuals who delivered/received SM, region treated, equipment used and force-time characteristics of SM.
resultsOf 7,607 records identified, 66 (0.9%) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the analysis. Of these, SM was delivered to the cervical spine in 12 (18.2%), the thoracic spine in 40 (60.6%) and the lumbopelvic spine in 19 (28.8%) studies. In 6 (9.1%) studies, the spinal region was not specified. For SM applied to all spinal regions, force-time characteristics were: preload force (range: 0-671N); peak force (17-1213N); rate of force application (202-8700N/s); time to peak thrust force (12-938ms); and thrust duration (36-2876ms).
conclusionsConsiderable variability in the reported kinetic force-time characteristics of SM exists. Some of this variability is likely due to differences in SM delivery (e.g. different clinicians) and the measurement equipment used to quantify force-time characteristics. However, improved reporting in certain key areas could facilitate more sophisticated syntheses of force-time characteristics data in the future. Such syntheses could provide the foundation upon which dose-response estimates regarding the clinical effectiveness of SM are made.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.