ArticlePloS one2023
Factors contributing to socio-economic inequality in utilization of caesarean section delivery among women in Indonesia: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Effect of a Culturally Based Intervention Model on Infant Weight and Maternal Perceptions of Breastfeeding Adequacy Following Caesarean Section: Quasi-Experimental Study.Asian/Pacific Island nursing journal · 2026Article
- Prevalence and Determinants of Caesarean Section Deliveries in Ghana: A Population-Based Cross-sectional Study.Public health in practice (Oxford, England) · 2025Article
- Identification of Spatial Hot spots Clustering and Geographically Weighted Regression Analysis to Assess Predictors of Cesarean Section Delivery in Northeastern States, India.Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology of India · 2025Article
- Geographically weighted regression analysis of cesarean delivery using the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey 2019.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Caesarean section delivery & determining factors in northeastern State, India: A Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis of areal data.The Indian journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Wealth-related inequality in women healthcare-seeking behaviour for under-five children illness in Afghanistan: evidence from 2022 Afghanistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Socioeconomic inequalities in skilled attendance at birth and caesarean section rates in Myanmar 2015-2016: a cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMost of the existing literature in developing countries focused on either the rising trend of CS or its determinants. There is a paucity of population-based studies on existing socioeconomic inequalities in availing CS services by women in Indonesia. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with caesarian section (CS) delivery and explore the various factors contributing to inequalities in CS delivery rates in Indonesia.
methodsThe study utilized nationally representative cross-sectional data from the Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS), 2017. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to find the factors associated with CS delivery. Concentration index and Wagstaff's decomposition analysis were used to examine the socioeconomic inequalities in CS delivery among women and associated factors.
resultsAbout 17% of women in Indonesia delivered babies through CS. A concentration index of 0.31 in CS delivery rate showed a higher CS delivery rate among women belonging to rich households. About 44.7% of socioeconomic status inequality in CS delivery was explained by educational status among women who went for CS delivery. Women's place of residence explained 30.1% of socioeconomic inequality, and women's age at first birth explained about 11.9% and reporting ANC visits explained 8.4% of the observed inequality. Highest socioeconomic inequality was witnessed in central Sulawesi (0.529), followed by Maluku (0.488) and West Kalimantan (0.457), whereas the lowest was recorded in Yogyakarta (0.021) followed by north Sulawesi (0.047) and east Kalimantan (0.171). Education (44.7%) followed by rural-urban place of residence (30.1%) and age of first birth (11.9%) contributed most to explain the gap in CS delivery among rich and poor women.
conclusionThe study highlighted the higher CS delivery rates among women from higher socioeconomic groups and thus, it is important to frame policies after identifying the population subgroups with potential underuse or overuse of CS method of delivery.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.