ArticleFood science & nutrition2023
Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of heavy metals in baby foods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Article in Food science & nutrition, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Assessment of arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances concentrations in human milk and infant formula in the United States: a systematic review.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Essential and Potentially Toxic Elements in Commercial Milk Formulas: Health Risk Assessment Through a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Biological trace element research · 2026Review
- Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead in Soils and Cereal Grains of the Pannonian Plain (Croatia): Soil-to-Grain Transfer and Dietary Exposure Assessment.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Processed Baby Foods and Infant Formulas Worldwide: A Scoping Review.Nutrition reviews · 2026Article
- Trace Element Intake from Dairy-Free Infant Porridges and Its Nutritional and Safety Implications for Infants Aged Six Months and Older.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Evaluation of safety and health risk characterization of some baby foods in Ghana.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Occurrence and dietary exposure assessment of heavy metals in baby foods in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Food science & nutrition · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Early childhood exposure to heavy metals like arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) through baby foods unfolds many concerns about their toxic effects on growth and health. In this study, occurrence and dietary intake of As, Cd, and Pb in stage 1 infant formula (0-6 months), stage 2 infant formula (7-12 months), cereal-based meals, and biscuits were estimated. First, the levels of As, Cd, and Pb were determined with ICP-MS, followed by the calculation of estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ), and hazard index (HI) for As and Cd, and margin of exposure (MoE) for Pb. Mean levels of As, Cd, and Pb were the highest in cereal-based meals and biscuits as 15.5-11.1, 5.18-8.76, and 35.2-53.8 μg/kg, respectively. Newborns to 6 months old infants were estimated to be the highest exposed population to Cd and Pb (0.08 and 0.36 μg/kg bw/day), while infants aged 7-12 months old were exposed the highest to As. Based on the THQ, HI, and MoE findings, the current exposure levels from the selected baby foods to As, Cd, and Pb pose low potential chronic risks to both infant age groups. This research provides a roadmap for future investigations in chemical contaminants often detected in baby foods consumed regularly by Saudi infants.
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