ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2023
A comparison of the reinforcing strength of cocaethylene and cocaine in monkeys responding under progressive-ratio and concurrent choice schedules of reinforcement.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 13 citations in OpenAlex.
- The role of polysubstance use in the development, maintenance, and treatment of stimulant use disorders.Pharmacological reviews · 2026Review
- Sex, social rank, and nicotine co-administration shape cocaine- and cocaethylene-induced reinstatement in monkeys.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Cocaine self-administration in adult female and male rhesus monkeys: longitudinal comparison with adolescent behavior and role of early life stress.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Ethanol self-administration reduced the efficacy of a behavioral intervention to decrease cocaine choice in socially housed male and female monkeys.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2025Article
- Longevity and Catheter-Related Infection Rates in Nonhuman Primates with Chronic Indwelling Intravenous Catheters.Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Ethanol consumption prior to cocaine self-administration reduced vulnerability to cocaine reinforcement in socially subordinate female and male monkeys.Psychopharmacology · 2025Article
- Mechanistic and translational insights from preclinical cocaine choice procedures on the economic substitutability of cocaine and nondrug reinforcers.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2025Review
- Ethanol self-administration prior to cocaine self-administration reduces sensitivity to cocaine reinforcement in socially housed monkeys.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Animal models of cocaine use: importance of social context and co-use.Trends in pharmacological sciences · 2025Review
- Contrasting the reinforcing effects of the novel dopamine transport inhibitors JJC8-088 and JJC8-091 in monkeys: Potential translation to medication assisted treatment.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2025Article
- Selective dopamine D3 receptor partial agonist (±)VK4-40 reduces the reinforcing strength of d-amphetamine but not cocaine in rhesus monkeys responding under a progressive-ratio schedule of reinforcement.Drug and alcohol dependence · 2024Article
- Cognitive performance as a behavioral phenotype associated with cocaine self-administration in female and male socially housed monkeys.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2024Article
- Behavioral and neuronal extracellular vesicle biomarkers associated with nicotine's enhancement of the reinforcing strength of cocaine in female and male monkeys.Addiction neuroscience · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIndividuals who use cocaine have high rates of co-morbid alcohol use and when ethanol and cocaine are administered concurrently, the metabolite cocaethylene is formed. Cocaethylene is equipotent to cocaine in blocking dopamine reuptake and substitutes for cocaine in drug discrimination studies. However, no previous work has directly compared the reinforcing strength of cocaine to cocaethylene.
methodsIn Experiment 1, three individually-housed adult male rhesus macaques self-administer cocaine under a progressive-ratio (PR) schedule of reinforcement, during daily 4-hr sessions. Under this schedule, the primary dependent variable is the number of injections received, or the break point (BP). Saline, cocaine (0.001-0.3mg/kg/injection) and cocaethylene (0.0003-0.1mg/kg/injection) dose-response curves were determined. In Experiment 2, two female cynomolgus and one rhesus macaque responded under a concurrent schedule of drug (cocaine or cocaethylene) vs. 1.0-g banana-flavored food pellets, during daily 1-hr sessions.
resultsBoth cocaine and cocaethylene functioned as reinforcers under the PR and concurrent choice schedules of reinforcement. Under the PR schedule, peak BPs were not significantly different, nor were ED50 values on the ascending limb, suggesting that cocaethylene has equal reinforcing strength and potency to cocaine. Under the concurrent drug-food choice procedure, cocaethylene was also equally potent to cocaine.
conclusionsUnder two schedules of reinforcement designed to assess reinforcing strength, cocaethylene and cocaine were equipotent and of equal reinforcing strength. Because cocaethylene has a longer duration of action, it is important for studies designed to evaluate treatments for cocaine use to also consider the effects of these interventions on cocaethylene.
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