Metabolic and transcriptomic profiling during wheat seed development under progressive drought conditions.

Globally, bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important staple foods; when exposed to drought, wheat yields decline. Although much research has been performed to generate higher yield wheat cultivars, there have been few studies on improving end-product quality under drought stress, even though wheat is processed into flour to produce so many foods, such as bread, noodles, pancakes, cakes, and cookies. Recently, wheat cultivation has been affected by severe drought caused by global climate change. In previous studies, seed shrinkage was observed in wheat exposed to continuous drought stress during seed development. In this study, we investigated how progressive drought stress affected seed development by metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. Metabolite profiling revealed the drought-sensitive line reduced accumulation of proline and sugar compared with the water-saving, drought-tolerant transgenic line overexpressing the abscisic acid receptor TaPYL4 under drought conditions in spikelets with developing seeds. Meanwhile, the expressions of genes involved in translation, starch biosynthesis, and proline and arginine biosynthesis was downregulated in the drought-sensitive line. These findings suggest that seed shrinkage, exemplifying a deficiency in endosperm, arose from the hindered biosynthesis of crucial components including seed storage proteins, starch, amino acids, and sugars, ultimately leading to their inadequate accumulation within spikelets. Water-saving drought tolerant traits of wheat would aid in supporting seed formation under drought conditions.