ReviewCurrent topics in microbiology and immunology2023
Sex and Gender Differences in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis and Treatment Outcomes.
Review in Current topics in microbiology and immunology, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Differences in tuberculosis prevalence by sex in low- and middle-income countries over 1993-2025: A systematic review and meta-analysis.PLoS medicine · 2026Pooled it
- Article
- Investigating Gendered Implicit Bias Among Healthcare Workers in South Africa: Development and Piloting of an Implicit Association Test in a High Tuberculosis and HIV Setting.Research square · 2026Article
- Multidimensional cfRNA response modeling identifies a 5-gene pair signature for high-robust pulmonary tuberculosis diagnosis.iScience · 2026Article
- Spatio-temporal modeling of tuberculosis among Brazil's elderly: a 20-year ecological and population-based study.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: Clinical, Bacteriological, and Programmatic Predictors of Poor Treatment Outcomes.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Sex as a Biological Variable in Tuberculosis Pathogenesis.Immunological reviews · 2026Review
- Differential regulation of monocyte oxidative burst by isoniazid in healthy and latent tuberculosis-infected subjects.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Global and regional burden of liver cancer attributable to drug use in elderly patients: a 1990-2021 analysis from the GBD study.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Distribution of nontuberculous Mycobacteria among presumptive drug resistance tuberculosis patients from a ministry of health drug resistance surveillance program, in western Kenya.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
- Epidemic trend and spatial-temporal analysis of pulmonary tuberculosis in Hotan prefecture, xinjiang, china, 2015-2021.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Trends and projection of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in Hubei Province, china: an age‒period‒cohort modeling study.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Exploring the Socio-cultural Dynamics of Treatment Adherence amongst Females living with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Karachi, Pakistan.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2025Article
- Sex differences in risk factors for unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment outcomes in Eastern Europe from 2020 to 2022: a multi-country retrospective cohort study.The Lancet regional health. Europe · 2025Article
- Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in The Netherlands, an epidemiologic overview, 1993-2022.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2025Article
- Establishing translational performance standards for TB therapy using rifampicin-based regimens in a male and female high-burden murine model.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Association of TLR8 Variants in Sex-Based Clinical Differences in Patients with COVID-19.Biochemical genetics · 2025Article
- Impact of premorbid nutritional status on TB severity.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2025Article
- Increased autophagy activity regulated by LC3B gene promoter DNA methylation is associated with progression to active pulmonary tuberculosis disease.Respiratory research · 2025Article
- Backtranslation of human RNA biosignatures of tuberculosis disease risk into the preclinical pipeline is condition dependent.mSphere · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a daunting public health concern in many countries of the world. A consistent observation in the global epidemiology of tuberculosis is an excess of cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis among males compared with females. Data from both humans and animals also suggest that males are more susceptible than females to develop active pulmonary disease. Similarly, male sex has been associated with poor treatment outcomes. Despite this growing body of evidence, little is known about the mechanisms driving sex bias in tuberculosis disease. Two dominant hypotheses have been proposed to explain the predominance of active pulmonary tuberculosis among males. The first is based on the contribution of biological factors, such as sex hormones and genetic factors, on host immunity during tuberculosis. The second is focused on non-biological factors such as smoking, professional exposure, and health-seeking behaviors, known to be influenced by gender. In this chapter, we review the literature regarding these two prevailing hypotheses by presenting human but also experimental animal studies. In addition, we presented studies aiming at examining the impact of sex and gender on other clinical forms of tuberculosis such as latent tuberculosis infection and extrapulmonary tuberculosis, which both appear to have their own specificities in relation to sex. We also highlighted potential intersections between sex and gender in the context of tuberculosis and shared future directions that could guide in elucidating mechanisms of sex-based differences in tuberculosis pathogenesis and treatment outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.