ArticleMolecular psychiatry2023
Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of ADHD from 1990 to 2019 across 204 countries: data, with critical re-analysis, from the Global Burden of Disease study.
Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 98 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
98 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Stigmatization of Caregivers of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.Family process · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The efficacy and safety of transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with ADHD: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Pooled it
- Maternal Coffee Consumption During Pregnancy and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Offspring: A Case-Control Study and Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- The Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Psychotic Disorders: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2025Pooled it
- The Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition With and Without Conflict in ADHD: An Activation Likelihood Estimation Meta-Analysis.The European journal of neuroscience · 2025Pooled it
- Emotion processing difficulties in ADHD: a Bayesian meta-analysis study.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Prevalence of children's mental health disorders and implications in pharmacotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Postgraduate medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Raynaud Syndrome Associated with Medication for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review.CNS drugs · 2025Pooled it
- External trigeminal nerve stimulation in youth with ADHD: a randomized, sham-controlled, phase 2b trial.Nature medicine · 2026Trial
- Comparative Bioavailability of Methylphenidate Powder for Prolonged-Release Oral Suspension and Methylphenidate Prolonged-Release Chewable Tablets versus Methylphenidate Immediate-Release Tablets: Phase 1, Single-Dose, Randomised, Crossover Studies in Healthy Adults.Clinical drug investigation · 2025Trial
- Trial
- Trial
- Add-OnNutrients · 2024Trial
- Pre-adult attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder and later adverse health outcomes: the 1987 Finnish birth cohort study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Flying under the radar: a qualitative examination of self-diagnosed ADHD and identity formation in young women.BMC psychology · 2026Article
- Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from 1990 to 2021 across 204 countries in individuals under age 20: data, with critical appraisal, from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease study.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Article
- Young minds in distress: Exploring the global rise in youth mental health diagnoses.Molecular psychiatry · 2026Review
- Use of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Medication Among Danish Children and Adolescents From 2010 to 2023.Acta psychiatrica Scandinavica · 2026Article
- Technical system of electroencephalography-based brain-computer interface: Advances, applications, and challenges.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
38 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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22 authors.
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Abstract
Data on incidence, prevalence and burden of ADHD are crucial for clinicians, patients, and stakeholders. We present the incidence, prevalence, and burden of ADHD globally and across countries from 1990 to 2019 from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. We also: (1) calculated the ADHD prevalence based on data actually collected as opposed to the prevalence estimated by the GBD with data imputation for countries without prevalence data; (2) discussed the GBD estimated ADHD burden in the light of recent meta-analytic evidence on ADHD-related mortality. In 2019, GBD estimated global age-standardized incidence and prevalence of ADHD across the lifespan at 0.061% (95%UI = 0.040-0.087) and 1.13% (95%UI = 0.831-1.494), respectively. ADHD accounted for 0.8% of the global mental disorder DALYs, with mortality set at zero by the GBD. From 1990 to 2019 there was a decrease of -8.75% in the global age-standardized prevalence and of -4.77% in the global age-standardized incidence. The largest increase in incidence, prevalence, and burden from 1990 to 2019 was observed in the USA; the largest decrease occurred in Finland. Incidence, prevalence, and DALYs remained approximately 2.5 times higher in males than females from 1990 to 2019. Incidence peaked at age 5-9 years, and prevalence and DALYs at age 10-14 years. Our re-analysis of data prior to 2013 showed a prevalence in children/adolescents two-fold higher (5.41%, 95% CI: 4.67-6.15%) compared to the corresponding GBD estimated prevalence (2.68%, 1.83-3.72%), with no significant differences between low- and middle- and high-income countries. We also found meta-analytic evidence of significantly increased ADHD-related mortality due to unnatural causes. While it provides the most detailed evidence on temporal trends, as well as on geographic and sex variations in incidence, prevalence, and burden of ADHD, the GBD may have underestimated the ADHD prevalence and burden. Given the influence of the GBD on research and policies, methodological issues should be addressed in its future editions.
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