ReviewClinical neurophysiology practice2023
Keeping up appearances: Don't frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles.
Review in Clinical neurophysiology practice, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed, 8 citations in OpenAlex.
- Review
- Italian Expert Consensus on the Efficacy and Safety of High Doses of Incobotulinum Toxin A (BocoutureDermatology and therapy · 2026Review
- Long-term neuromuscular alterations during botulinum toxin treatment for chronic migraine.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2026Article
- Article
- Ultrasound assessment of botulinum toxin-A (BOTOX) injection into adult Arabian dromedary camels' lips: efficacy in detection and localization.BMC veterinary research · 2025Article
- Electrodiagnostic criteria for neuromuscular transmission disorders suggested by a European consensus group.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2025Article
- Transient Worsening of Dysphagia and Dysarthria after Treatment with Botulinum Toxin in Patients with Acquired Brain Injury.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Some reasons for frowning upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles.Clinical neurophysiology practice · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Aesthetic use of low doses of Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections into the facial muscles has become a leading non-surgical aesthetic treatment worldwide to reduce facial wrinkles, including glabellar lines, forehead lines, and periorbital wrinkles. Within these aesthetic applications, BoNT injections intend to reduce and prevent wrinkles, and the recommended usage of 2 years is often exceeded, which may result in atrophy of the injected muscles. The long-term effects of BoNT injections in the facial muscles and the evidence of diffusion of BoNT to surrounding muscles are obvious pitfalls and challenges for clinical neurophysiologists in differential diagnosing neuromuscular transmission failures. Also, this is further complicated by the risk of developing side effects upon permanent chemical denervation of facial muscles, with less possibility for reinnervation. This review summarizes the known long-term effects of BoNT over time in different facial muscles and the use of objective electrophysiological measures to evaluate these. A better understanding of the long-term effects of BoNT is essential to avoid misdiagnosing other neuromuscular disorders.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.