ReviewCureus2023
The Role of Estrogen Therapy as a Protective Factor for Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia in Postmenopausal Women: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature.
Review in Cureus, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed, 37 citations in OpenAlex.
- Modulation of spatial learning and memory by cannabinoid-estrogen interaction in an AD-like cognitive impairment: The role of cannabinoid receptors and BDNF protein.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2026Article
- Ovarian somatic tissue rejuvenates circulating apolipoproteins and promotes cognitive health in postreproductive female mice.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Cognition in menopausal women.International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics · 2026Review
- Bypassing Androgens: Retina-Targeted 17β-Estradiol Delivery via DHED Eye Drops Ameliorates Orchiectomy-Induced Shifts in the Male Rat Visual Cortex Proteome.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Hormone replacement therapy and its association with LATE-NC in older adults.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Six promising drug repurposing candidates for Alzheimer's disease and their sex-specific mechanisms and efficacy.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Sleep disturbances during perimenopause and later-life cognitive function.Menopause (New York, N.Y.) · 2026Article
- The complex of gut microbial metabolites and sex hormones in Alzheimer's disease.Seminars in immunopathology · 2026Review
- Review
- Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factor APOE4 Exerts Dimorphic Effects on Female Bone.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Estren prevents beta-amyloid-induced basal forebrain cholinergic loss and long-term spatial memory deficits in aged female mice.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Impact of Orchiectomy on Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration in the Male Rat Retina: A Proteomic Analysis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- From General-Purpose to Disease-Specific Features: Aligning LLM Embeddings on a Disease-Specific Biomedical Knowledge Graph for Drug Repurposing.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Overview of Aging, Skin Health, Estrogen, Menopause and HRT.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Synaptic pruning genes networks in Alzheimer's disease: correlations with neuropathology and cognitive decline.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Assessing the Roles of Aging, Estrogen, Nutrition, and Neuroinflammation in Women and Their Involvement in Alzheimer's Disease-A Narrative Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Article
- Round Table Discussion: Aesthetic Treatment Considerations for the Perimenopausal & Menopausal Patient.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2026Review
- Uncovering pathology, subjective cognitive complaints, and sex in early Alzheimer's disease.Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · 2026Article
- Sex hormones in the nucleus incertus: a novel perspective on sex/gender differences in memory and mood dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 4 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The complete cessation of menstruation for 12 months with associated vasomotor symptoms is termed menopause. Apart from playing a role in reproduction, estrogen significantly affects the central nervous system (CNS). Population-based studies highlighted a substantial difference in the prevalence of dementia between men and women, with Alzheimer-associated dementia being more prevalent in women, indicating that estrogen deficiency might be a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Patients with dementia experience a progressive decline in neurocognitive function, beginning with short-term memory loss that progresses to long-term memory loss and the inability to perform everyday activities, leading ultimately to death. There is currently no cure for dementia, so preventing or slowing the disease's progression is paramount. Accordingly, researchers have widely studied the role of estrogen as a neuroprotective agent. Estrogen prevents dementia by augmenting Hippocampal and prefrontal cortex function, reducing neuroinflammation, preventing degradation of estrogen receptors, decreasing oxidative damage to the brain, and increasing cholinergic and serotonergic function. According to the window phase hypothesis, estrogen's effect on preventing dementia is more pronounced if therapy is started early, during the first five years of menopause. Other studies like The Woman's Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) showed unfavorable effects of estrogen on the brain. This review aims to establish an understanding of the currently available data on estrogen's effect on neurodegeneration, namely, dementia and Alzheimer's disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.