ArticleEuropean archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery2023
Assessing the accuracy of ChatGPT references in head and neck and ENT disciplines.
Article in European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed.
- Turing problems in otolaryngology: a scoping review of the principal challenges of artificial ıntelligence and large language models.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Review
- Large Language Model Responses to Common Otolaryngological Questions: Evaluating Accuracy, Appropriateness, Readability, and Hallucinations.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Observational
- Evaluation Large Language Models' Time Dependent Consistency in Aesthetic Surgery Consultations and Comparison of Their Performance Across Different Clinical Domains.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2026Article
- Evaluating the reference accuracy of large language models in radiology: a comparative study across subspecialties.Diagnostic and interventional radiology (Ankara, Turkey) · 2026Observational
- Reference Accuracy in Large Language Model Chatbots: A Metric for Inherent Misinformation?Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2026Article
- Does ChatGPT update itself? Accuracy of ChatGPT in tympanostomy tube guidance: A comparative analysis with current literature.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2026Article
- Applications of Natural Language Processing in Otolaryngology: A Scoping Review.The Laryngoscope · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Information Quality in Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology: Clinicians, Residents, and Large Language Models.Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- ChatGPT in Academic Writing: A Scientometric Analysis of Literature Published Between 2022 and 2023.Journal of empirical research on human research ethics : JERHRE · 2025Article
- Artificial Intelligence Augmentation: Performance of GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 on the Plastic Surgery In-service Examination.Plastic and reconstructive surgery. Global open · 2025Article
- Authorship transparency and equity in otolaryngology and maxillofacial surgery: current practices and the potential impact of large language models.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Article
- Performance of ChatGPT in Pediatric Audiology as Rated by Students and Experts.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Evaluation of accuracy, quality, and readability of information on hypothyroidism provided by different artificial intelligence chatbot models.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Application of Artificial Intelligence in Otology: Past, Present, and Future.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Article
- Beyond the Scalpel: Assessing ChatGPT's potential as an auxiliary intelligent virtual assistant in oral surgery.Computational and structural biotechnology journal · 2024Article
- Evaluating AI Competence in Specialized Medicine: Comparative Analysis of ChatGPT and Neurologists in a Neurology Specialist Examination in Spain.JMIR medical education · 2024Article
- Artificial Intelligence in Audiology: A Scoping Review of Current Applications and Future Directions.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- The quality and readability of patient information provided by ChatGPT: can AI reliably explain common ENT operations?European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- Validation of the Quality Analysis of Medical Artificial Intelligence (QAMAI) tool: a new tool to assess the quality of health information provided by AI platforms.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2024Article
- Transforming ENT Healthcare: Advancements and Implications of Artificial Intelligence.Indian journal of otolaryngology and head and neck surgery : official publication of the Association of Otolaryngologists of India · 2024Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeChatGPT has gained popularity as a web application since its release in 2022. While artificial intelligence (AI) systems' potential in scientific writing is widely discussed, their reliability in reviewing literature and providing accurate references remains unexplored. This study examines the reliability of references generated by ChatGPT language models in the Head and Neck field.
methodsTwenty clinical questions were generated across different Head and Neck disciplines, to prompt ChatGPT versions 3.5 and 4.0 to produce texts on the assigned topics. The generated references were categorized as "true," "erroneous," or "inexistent" based on congruence with existing records in scientific databases.
resultsChatGPT 4.0 outperformed version 3.5 in terms of reference reliability. However, both versions displayed a tendency to provide erroneous/non-existent references.
conclusionsIt is crucial to address this challenge to maintain the reliability of scientific literature. Journals and institutions should establish strategies and good-practice principles in the evolving landscape of AI-assisted scientific writing.
Indexed as
Identifiers
37679532What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.