ArticlePhysical and engineering sciences in medicine2023
Use of light-weight foaming polylactic acid as a lung-equivalent material in 3D printed phantoms.
Article in Physical and engineering sciences in medicine, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- A review on radiological properties of fused deposition modelling material for three-dimensional printing in proton and light ion beam therapy.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2026Review
- A study on using custom 3D-printed tongue bites for radiotherapy patients with oral tongue carcinoma.Physical and engineering sciences in medicine · 2026Article
- Development and Radiological Evaluation of 3D-Printed Patient-Specific Lung Phantoms: From CT Imaging to 3D Modeling and Material Characterization.Research square · 2026Article
- Commissioning Tests of Radixact Synchrony Using Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Lung Phantom Inserts.Cureus · 2025Article
- A System for Verifying Radiation Therapy Treatments That Use Multiple Modes of Real-Time Motion Adaptation.Cureus · 2025Article
- A dosimetric comparison of helical tomotherapy treatment delivery with real-time adaption and no motion correction.Physics and imaging in radiation oncology · 2025Article
- Production of heterogenous bone radiopacity phantom using 3D printing.Physical and engineering sciences in medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The 3D printing of lung-equivalent phantoms using conventional polylactic acid (PLA) filaments requires the use of low in-fill printing densities, which can produce substantial density heterogeneities from the air gaps within the resulting prints. Light-weight foaming PLA filaments produce microscopic air bubbles when heated to 3D printing temperatures. In this study, the expansion of foaming PLA filament was characterised for two 3D printers with different nozzle diameters, in order to optimise the printing flow rates required to achieve a low density print when printed at 100% in-fill printing density, without noticeable internal air gaps. Effective densities as low as 0.28 g cm
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.