ArticleJournal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)2023
Mechanism of TLR4-Mediated Anti-Inflammatory Response Induced by Exopolysaccharide from the Probiotic Bacillus subtilis.
Article in Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950), 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Biofilm overproduction enhances gastrointestinal stress tolerance and intestinal fitness inGut microbes · 2026Article
- Oral probiotic delivery-based therapeutic strategies for inflammatory bowel disease.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2026Review
- Enterococcus durans YQ-6 Enhances Antioxidant Capacity and Immune Function in Leizhou Black Ducks.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Article
- Therapeutic Potential and Functional Mechanisms of Probiotics as Prospective anti-inflammatory Agents.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Dietary Bacillus subtilis modulates rumen epithelial barrier function and immune responses in weaned Hu sheep.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- ProbioticVeterinary sciences · 2026Article
- Mechanisms ofAnimal nutrition (Zhongguo xu mu shou yi xue hui) · 2026Article
- Microbiotherapy: an emerging adjunct for burn wound healing.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Probiotic effect of B. subtilis PS-216 in broiler chickens: modulation of weight, feed conversion, short chain fatty acids, microbiota and meat quality.Animal microbiome · 2025Article
- Review
- Immunostimulatory activity of inactivated environmental Bacillus isolates and their endospores.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Adjuvant conditioning shapes the adaptive immune response promoting immunotolerance via NLRP3/interleukin-1.iScience · 2025Article
- The innate immune response in SARS-CoV2 infection: focus on toll-like receptor 4 in severe disease outcomes.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Probiotics in inflammatory bowel diseases: emphasis on mechanisms and clinical application.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Review
- AHCC inhibited hepatic stellate cells activation by regulation of cytoglobin induction via TLR2-SAPK/JNK pathway and collagen production via TLR4-NF-κβ pathway.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2024Article
- Neuroactive Steroids, Toll-like Receptors, and Neuroimmune Regulation: Insights into Their Impact on Neuropsychiatric Disorders.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Intestinal inflammatory diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and one class of drugs showing promise toward treatment of several inflammatory diseases is probiotics. Numerous studies have been performed using probiotics to prevent and treat intestinal inflammatory diseases. Most of these studies used intact bacteria, and neither the active molecule nor the molecular mechanisms by which they affect immune responses are known. We have shown that the probiotic Bacillus subtilis is anti-inflammatory and can protect mice from acute colitis induced by the enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. We identified and purified the active molecule, exopolysaccharide (EPS), and showed that it protects mice from C. rodentium-induced colitis by inducing anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages or inhibitory dendritic cells (DCs), both of which inhibit excessive T cell responses. We showed previously that EPS affects macrophages and DCs in a TLR4-dependent manner, and in the current study we asked how EPS induces these anti-inflammatory cells and how they function to inhibit T cells. By investigating the signaling downstream of TLR4 that leads to acquisition of inhibitory properties of macrophages and DCs, we found that EPS induces expression of the inhibitory molecule IDO in bone marrow-derived DCs, and that inhibition of T cell proliferation by IDO-expressing bone marrow-derived DCs utilizes the kynurenine/aryl hydrocarbon receptor circuit. Furthermore, unlike LPS, EPS does not induce inflammatory cytokines upon injection in vivo, directly demonstrating different outcomes induced by two different TLR4 agonists.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.