ArticleBMJ open2023
Prevalence of and factors associated with the use of gender-affirming hormonal therapy outside the reference regimen among transgender people in a community-led clinic in Metro Manila, Philippines: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Article in BMJ open, 2023. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed, 6 citations in OpenAlex.
- Characteristics of transgender health-related provider-to-provider consultations in Brazil's public primary health care system: A cross-sectional study from a Southern Brazilian telehealth service.Archives of endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Transgender Individuals in the Eyes of Dental Professionals: A Data-Driven Study.Oral diseases · 2025Article
- Enhancing Nursing Education to Address LGBTQ+ Healthcare Needs: Perspectives from the Philippines.SAGE open nursingArticle
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectivesWe aimed to describe the gender-affirming hormonal therapy (GAHT) intake behaviour and regimen and the factors associated with the use of hormones inconsistent with reference GAHT regimen among transgender people in the Philippines.
designCross-sectional study.
settingTransgender community clinic in Metro Manila, Philippines from March 2017 to December 2019.
participantsGender-affirming care-seeking individuals of at least 18 years old, who self-identified as transgender or non-binary, and who self-reported current or previous use of GAHT at baseline consult. PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Reported drugs and/or administration routes not congruent with the World Professional Association for Transgender Health Standard of Care eighth edition were classified as hormone use outside the reference regimen.
results253 transgender people reported current or previous intake of GAHT. Many trans women and transfeminine people (TWTFP; 58.9%, 86/146) reported using oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), whereas most trans men (TM; 73.8%, 79/107) reported injecting testosterone esters. Furthermore, 59.7% (151/253) used hormones outside the reference regimen, widely using OCP and anabolic steroids among TWTFP and TM, respectively. TWTFP (crude prevalence ratio, PR, 3.52; 95% CI 2.35 to 5.49) and those who take unprescribed GAHT (crude PR 2.37; 95% CI 1.08 to 6.68) were more likely to use hormones outside the reference regimen than TM and taking healthcare provider-prescribed GAHT, respectively. On adjusting for covariates, the prevalence of using hormones outside the reference regimen was approximately three times higher (adjusted PR 3.22; 95% CI 2.09 to 5.12) among TWTFP than TM.
conclusionTrans people act on their high unmet gender-affirming care needs by taking unprescribed GAHT, many outside the reference regimen. Structural changes in the health system are warranted, including strengthened community-based self-administration practices.
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